Editing Beagle (section)

==Use in animal testing==
Beagles are one of the dog breeds most often used in [[animal testing]],<ref>{{Cite journal |title=What Kinds of Dogs Are Used in Clinical and Experimental Research? |journal=Animals |last1=Schulte |first1=Evelyn |volume=12 |issue=12 |date=2022|last2=Arlt |first2=Sebastian P. |page=1487 |doi=10.3390/ani12121487 |doi-access=free |pmid=35739824 |pmc=9219481 |issn=2076-2615}}</ref> due to their size, temperament, and historical utilisation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bolman |first1=Brad |title=Lab Dog: What Global Science Owes American Beagles |date=2025 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226825533 |pages=13-14 |url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/L/bo245099854.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Dogs for Life: Beagles, Drugs, and Capital in the Twentieth Century |journal=Journal of the History of Biology |last=Bolman |first=Brad |volume=55 |issue=1 |date=2022 |pages=147–179 |doi=10.1007/s10739-021-09649-2 |pmid=34499296 |issn=1573-0387}}</ref> In the United States, as many as 65,000 Beagles are used every year for medical, cosmetic, beauty, and other chemical tests. Most are bred specifically for this purpose, by companies such as [[Inotiv|Envigo]], and live inside controlled laboratory facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.beaglerescueleague.org/lab-to-leash/questions-answers|publisher=Beagle Rescue League|title=Questions & Answers|access-date=4 August 2018|archive-date=4 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804231626/https://www.beaglerescueleague.org/lab-to-leash/questions-answers|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Beagles are used in a range of research procedures: fundamental biological research, applied human medicine, applied veterinary medicine, and protection of man, animals, or the environment.<ref name="REP2005" /><ref name="UKGOV">{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldselect/ldanimal/150/15004.htm#a10|title=Select Committee on Animals In Scientific Procedures Report |publisher=House of Lords|year=2002|access-date=9 July 2007}}</ref> Of the 8,018 dogs used in testing in the UK in 2004, 7,799 were Beagles (97.3%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm67/6713/6713.pdf|title=Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2004|year=2004|publisher=Home Office|access-date=9 July 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070702210136/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm67/6713/6713.pdf| archive-date= 2 July 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> In the UK, the [[Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986]] gave special status to primates, equids, cats and dogs and in 2005 the Animal Procedures Committee (set up by the act) ruled that testing on mice was preferable, even though a greater number of individual animals were involved.<ref name="RAPC">{{cite web|url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0506/hc16/1660/1660.pdf|title=Report of the Animal Procedures Committee for 2004|year=2004|publisher=Home Office|access-date=9 July 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070710215220/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0506/hc16/1660/1660.pdf| archive-date= 10 July 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> In 2005, beagles were involved in less than 0.3% of the total experiments on animals in the UK, but of the 7,670 experiments performed on dogs 7406 involved Beagles (96.6%).<ref name="REP2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm68/6877/6877.pdf|title=Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals Great Britain 2005|year=2005|publisher=Home Office|access-date=9 July 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070710215223/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/cm68/6877/6877.pdf| archive-date= 10 July 2007 | url-status= live}}</ref> In the UK, companies breeding animals for research must be licensed under the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act.<ref name="RAPC" />
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Dogs6CCcopy.jpg|left|thumb|Group housed dogs used in safety testing of pharmaceuticals, August 2000]] -->

===Bans and activism against Beagle testing===

Testing of cosmetic products on animals is banned in the member states of the European Community,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/cosmetics/html/cosm_animal_test.htm|title=Cosmetics and animal tests|publisher=European Commission&nbsp;— Enterprise and Industry Directorate General|year=2007|access-date=9 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629081459/http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/cosmetics/html/cosm_animal_test.htm|archive-date=29 June 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> although France protested the ban and has made efforts to have it lifted.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=ahaDhWAXharI&refer=europe|title=Animal-Testing Ban for Cosmetics to Be Upheld, EU Court Rules|publisher=Bloomberg|date=24 May 2005|access-date=9 July 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930065529/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=10000085&sid=ahaDhWAXharI&refer=europe|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> It is permitted in the United States but is not mandatory if safety can be ascertained by other methods, and the test species is not specified by the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-205.html|title=Animal Testing|publisher=US Food and Drug Administration|year=1999|access-date=9 July 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070523010844/http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/cos-205.html |archive-date = 23 May 2007}}</ref> When testing toxicity of food additives, food contaminants, and some drugs and chemicals the FDA uses Beagles and [[miniature pig]]s as surrogates for direct human testing.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/oc/ofacs/fdasbo/businesspub.html|title=How to do Business with FDA|publisher=US Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=11 July 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050803014243/https://www.fda.gov/oc/ofacs/fdasbo/businesspub.html| archive-date = 3 August 2005}}</ref> The Beagle Freedom Project has successfully advocated for Beagles to be adopted or released from labs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bfp.org/|title=Beagle Freedom Project|website=Beagle Freedom Project|language=en-US|access-date=19 January 2025}}</ref> Minnesota was the first state to enact a Beagle Freedom adoption law in 2014, mandating that dogs and cats are allowed to be adopted once they have completed research testing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.startribune.com/politics/statelocal/260128011.html|title=Beagle Freedom Law makes history in Minnesota|work=Minnesota Star Tribune|date=21 May 2014|access-date=22 May 2014}}</ref>

Anti-[[Animal testing|vivisection]] groups have reported on abuse of animals inside testing facilities. In 1997&nbsp;footage secretly filmed by a freelance journalist inside [[Huntingdon Life Sciences]] in the UK showed staff punching and screaming at Beagles.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://dbsst.org/case_histories/full_text?id=79|title = Seeing Is Believing&nbsp;— cruelty to dogs at Huntingdon Life Sciences|first = Zoe|last = Broughton|work = The Ecologist|date = March 2001|access-date = 1 July 2015|via = dbsst.org|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150701132818/http://dbsst.org/case_histories/full_text?id=79|archive-date = 1 July 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> [[Consort Kennels]], a UK-based breeder of Beagles for testing, closed down in 1997 after pressure from animal rights groups.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nicola|last=Woolcock|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1749489,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080112013727/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2-1749489,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2008|title=Extremists seek fresh targets close to home|work=The Times|date=25 August 2005|access-date=9 July 2007 | location=London}}</ref>

There are various examples of activists utilising [[Freedom of Information Act (United States)|Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)]] requests to obtain information about taxpayer funding of animal testing. The [[White Coat Waste Project]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/11/15/saving-dogs-from-government-research-labs-gets-some-bipartisan-attention/|title=Should dogs be guinea pigs in government research? A bipartisan group says no.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=15 November 2016}}</ref> reported that the [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]] funded experiments in which 28 Beagles were infected by disease-causing parasites and that dogs taking part in the experiments were "vocalizing in pain."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.whitecoatwaste.org/2021/07/30/fauci-funding-wasteful-deadly-dog-tests/|title=WCW Exposé: Fauci Spend $424K on Beagle Experiments, Dogs Bitten to Death by Flies |date=30 July 2021}}</ref> In response, [[People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals|People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA)]] called on all members of the [[National Institute of Health]] to resign<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/peta-calls-for-dr-fauci-to-resign-our-position-is-clear|title=PETA calls for Dr. Fauci to resign: 'Our position is clear'|website=[[Fox News]] |date=5 November 2021}}</ref> and stated that there is a "need to find a new NIH director to replace the outgoing [[Francis Collins]] who will shut down research that violates the dignity of nonhuman animals."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peta.org/blog/fauci-niaid-puppies-animal-testing/|title=Experimenters Fed Puppies' Heads to Infected Flies, but That's Not All Fauci's NIH Funded|date=25 October 2021}}</ref>

=== Animal welfare research ===
A 2023 research article report lower levels of the stress hormone [[cortisol]] in beagles kept in larger areas with toys.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=GH |last2=Jo |first2=W |last3=Kang |first3=TK |last4=Oh |first4=T |last5=Kim |first5=K |title=Assessment of Stress Caused by Environmental Changes for Improving the Welfare of Laboratory Beagle Dogs |journal=Animals |date=19 March 2023 |volume=13 |issue=6 |page=1095 |doi=10.3390/ani13061095 |doi-access=free |pmid=36978636|pmc=10044678 }}</ref>

A 2024 article researches the use of [[environmental enrichment]] in lab beagles by adding toys to their cages.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fernandes |first1=AJB |last2=Campos |first2=FDSF |last3=Oliveira |first3=GS |last4=Oliveira |first4=PC |last5=Borges |first5=DA |last6=Pedrosa |first6=IA |last7=Scott |first7=FB |title=Environmental enrichment interaction for laboratory beagle dogs used in research |journal=Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Medicine |date=2024 |volume=46 |pages=e006323 |doi=10.29374/2527-2179.bjvm006323 |pmid=38384378|pmc=10880118 }}</ref>