Editing Battle of Shiloh (section)

==Battle, afternoon of April 6==
[[File:BattleOfShilohDay1noon.png|thumb|upright=1.5|By noon, the Union right was pushed back and the left was threatened|alt=map showing noon positions, with Union right pushed back from Crossroads, center along Sunken Road, and left still in place]]
Lew Wallace's division had made little progress following Grant's order to move to the battlefield. Early in the morning, his division had been spread as much as {{convert|5|mi|km|spell=in}} from Crump's Landing. The purpose of this positioning was to protect routes that would be used by reinforcements in case ''his'' isolated division was attacked.<ref name="Daniel256">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=256}}</ref> An additional messenger from Grant found him at 11:30{{nbsp}}am, and Wallace did not get his division moving until noon.<ref name="Daniel258">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=258}}</ref> Another messenger found Wallace at 2:00{{nbsp}}pm, and notified Wallace that he was on the wrong road. Wallace believed he was to reinforce Sherman and McClernand at their original camps—he was unaware that those divisions had been pushed back toward Pittsburg Landing.<ref name="Daniel259">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=259}}</ref>

By noon, Sherman and McClernand had been pushed back to Jones Field. However, the three regiments from McDowell's First Brigade had reunited with Sherman and McClernand, and three additional regiments arrived for reinforcement.<ref name="Cunningham247">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=247}}</ref> McClernand's troops began a counterattack with the assistance of McDowell's brigade.<ref name="Cunningham249">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=249}}</ref> The Confederates were pushed back beyond McClernand's morning headquarters, and both sides had numerous casualties. With reinforcements, the Confederate forces began a bayonet charge at about 1:00{{nbsp}}pm that pushed McClernand and McDowell back to their original counterattack line at Jones Field.<ref name="Cunningham253-254">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=253–254}}</ref>

===Early afternoon===
On the Union right, the divisions of Sherman and McClernand (plus Veatch's brigade) were a disorganized group of individual soldiers and portions of regiments. Many soldiers had dropped their equipment and headed to Pittsburg Landing. Still, Sherman and McClernand fought on with the remnants of their divisions.<ref name="Cunningham254-256">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=254–256}}</ref>

The situation at the Union center was much better. Prentiss repelled multiple attacks by the brigade commanded by Colonel [[Randall L. Gibson]].<ref name="Cunningham256-261">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=256–261}}</ref> Captain [[Andrew Hickenlooper]]'s [[5th Ohio Independent Light Artillery Battery]] used shrapnel and canister to stop the first charge, and Confederate losses were considerable.<ref name="Cunningham256-257">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=256–257}}</ref> After a third try, Gibson's brigade suffered enough casualties (including one colonel hit in the face) that most of the men fell back, and the brigade was not engaged for the rest of the day.<ref name="Cunningham259-261">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=259–261}}</ref> Among the Union soldiers killed was Major James Powell, who led the early morning patrol that discovered the Confederate army at Fraley Field.<ref name="Cunningham259">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=259}}</ref> While Prentiss was defending against Gibson,  Sweeny repelled Confederate attacks near Duncan Field.<ref name="Cunningham261">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=261}}</ref>

The Union left, even more so than the right, was pushed back. Stuart's two remaining Union regiments, temporarily commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Malmborg in the absence of Colonel [[Thomas Kilby Smith|T. Kilby Smith]], made several stands east of Bell Field against two of Bragg's brigades.<ref name="Daniel200">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=200}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|After being wounded, Stuart turned command over to Colonel T. Kilby Smith, but Smith left to find some missing men, causing Lieutenant Colonel Malmborg to have temporary command of the main force.<ref name="Cunningham212n">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=212n}}</ref>|group=Note}} Fortunately for the Union army, Bragg's hungry men exhausted their ammunition and pillaged food from the Union camps instead of continuing the attack.<ref name="Daniel200"/> Around 2:15{{nbsp}}pm, Smith ordered Stuart's brigade to withdraw, and by 2:30{{nbsp}}pm Stuart's brigade was done fighting for the day.<ref name="Daniel223-224">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=223–224}}</ref>

While Stuart was fighting, the adjacent position in the Union line was occupied by McArthur's partial brigade. McArthur's force was attacked around 2:00{{nbsp}}pm by one of Breckinridge's brigades.<ref name="Daniel222-223">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=222–223}}</ref> Despite reinforcements, McArthur fell back about 300 yards north of the Peach Orchard where he stabilized his line 20 minutes later.<ref name="Daniel224">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=224}}</ref> On McArthur's right, Hurlbut's division was also under attack, causing it to fall back. Most of the attackers were from Breckinridge's Third Brigade, commanded by Colonel Walter S. Statham.<ref name="Cunningham272-273">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=272–273}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Colonel W.S. Statham is often misidentified as "Winfield Scott Statham" instead of "Walter Scott Statham".<ref name="Allardice355">{{harvnb|Allardice|2008|p=355}}</ref>|group=Note}} As the Union troops fell back, they would pause to shoot at the oncoming Confederates. Artillery was also used to slow the attackers.<ref name="Cunningham272-273"/>

====Johnston killed====
General Albert Sidney Johnston rode as much as 40 paces in front of Breckinridge's line. His uniform was torn from bullets in several places, and the heel of one of his boots was gone.<ref name="Daniel226">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=226}}</ref> After sending an order to Colonel Statham, an object could be heard striking Johnston. Although blood could be seen dripping from his leg, the general did not show concern. Shortly afterwards, he was slumping in his saddle. Asked if he was wounded, Johnston replied "Yes, and I fear seriously."<ref name="Cunningham275-276">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=275–276}}</ref> Johnston bled to death from a torn [[popliteal artery]] in his right leg.<ref name="Cunningham273">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=273}}</ref> Although a [[tourniquet]] might have saved Johnston's life, his personal physician had been sent elsewhere to treat the wounded. Johnston died about {{convert|100|yd}} south of the Bell Farm at 2:30{{nbsp}}pm.<ref name="Daniel226-227">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=226–227}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|After Johnston's death, it was discovered that he had been hit three times in addition to his mortal wound. He was shot in the right thigh and left boot sole, and a shell fragment was in the rear of his right hip.<ref name="Daniel227">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=227}}</ref> Although it is uncertain who was responsible for the fatal wound, one group of Hurlbut's withdrawing Union soldiers claims they shot at an "obviously important" mounted Confederate officer, and men from [[Battery "A", 1st Illinois Light Artillery Regiment|Battery A, 1st Illinois Light Artillery]] believe a shot from their [[M1841 12-pounder howitzer|12-pound howitzers]] killed Johnston.<ref name="Cunningham273"/> At least one source speculates that Johnston's fatal wound came from [[friendly fire]].<ref name="NPSASJohnston">{{cite web
|title=Albert Sidney Johnston
|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
|url=https://www.nps.gov/people/albert-sidney-johnston.htm
|access-date=2022-09-14}}</ref>|group=Note}} He was the highest-ranking soldier killed in combat in the American Civil War.<ref name="NPSShilohDeathofASJ">{{cite web
|title=Death of Albert Sidney Johnston - Tour Stop #17
|publisher=National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior
|url=https://www.nps.gov/places/death-of-albert-sidney-johnston-tour-stop-17.htm
|access-date=2022-08-22}}</ref>

With the death of Johnston, Beauregard officially became the Confederate army's commander.<ref name="Cunningham277">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=277}}</ref> Some historians argue that since Beauregard was directing the army from the rear while Johnston was at the front, Beauregard already had the role of army commander.<ref name="Daniel145"/><ref name="Esposito34"/> The Confederate attack on its right (Union left) stalled after Johnston's death, and many exhausted Confederate soldiers drank from what became known as the "Bloody Pond" located between the Peach Orchard and Wicker Field.<ref name="Daniel234-235">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=234–235}}</ref> The lull was caused more by the exhaustion and disorganized condition of the Confederate army than mourning for Johnston or Beauregard's lack of action. Beauregard sent Brigadier General [[Daniel Ruggles]] to coordinate an attack on the Hornet's Nest.<ref name="Cunningham277-278">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=277–278}}</ref>

====Union left and right====
[[File:Lexington and Tyler at Shiloh.jpg|thumb|upright=1.00|right|Union gunboats joined the battle|alt=drawing of two steam-powered gunboats with big paddle-wheels on river]]
At 2:50{{nbsp}}pm, Lieutenant William Gwin, commander of the USS ''Tyler'', put his gunboat into action by firing on the Confederate batteries near the Union left. After an hour, Gwin was joined by the USS ''Lexington'', and the two gunboats positioned themselves about three–fourths of a mile (1.21&nbsp;km) south of Pittsburg Landing. At first, the shelling (gunboat shells were larger than those used by [[Field artillery in the American Civil War|field artillery]]) had more of a psychological impact than a destructive one.<ref name="Cunningham312-313">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=312–313}}</ref>

On the ground at the Union left, McArthur's partial brigade fought the Confederate brigades commanded by brigadier generals John K. Jackson and [[John S. Bowen]]. With Stuart now gone, McArthur was also getting outflanked by Chalmers's Brigade.<ref name="Cunningham293-295">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=293–295}}</ref> Between 3:00 and 4:00{{nbsp}}pm, McArthur moved all the way back to Pittsburg Landing.{{#tag:ref|Daniel's map shows Hurlbut and McArthur moving to the rear at 4:00{{nbsp}}pm.<ref name="Daniel220">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=220}}</ref> Esposito has McArthur falling back at 3:00{{nbsp}}pm.<ref name="Esposito36">{{harvnb|Esposito|1959|p=36}}</ref>|group=Note}} Hurlbut's line was also falling back, and only one regiment remained by 4:30{{nbsp}}pm when Hurlbut ordered it to the rear.<ref name="Daniel225">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=225}}</ref>

===Late afternoon===
[[File:BattleOfShilohGrantsLastLine.png|thumb|upright=1.0|Webster organized Grant's Last Line|alt=Grant's Last Line near Pittsburg Landing on the Tennessee River, with 50+ artillery pieces and the two gunboats nearby]]
Sometime in the late afternoon, Grant assigned Colonel [[Joseph Dana Webster]], a veteran of the [[Mexican–American War]], the task of setting up a defensive position at Pittsburg Landing. Webster used stragglers and noncombatant personnel. He began rounding up artillery pieces, including [[Siege artillery in the American Civil War|siege guns]] and any batteries (or partial batteries) that retreated back to the landing.<ref name="Daniel246">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=246}}</ref><ref name="Cunningham305">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=305}}</ref> He eventually assembled about 50 artillery pieces, and they were positioned on a ridge on the east side of the battlefield.<ref name="Esposito37">{{harvnb|Esposito|1959|p=37}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Sources differ on the number of guns (artillery pieces) positioned at Grant's Last Line, and this is discussed in a long footnote in Cunningham's book.<ref name="Cunningham307n">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=307n}}</ref> Daniel says 41.<ref name="Daniel246"/> Esposito says 50.<ref name="Esposito37"/> Eicher says "more than fifty".<ref name="Eicher228">{{harvnb|Eicher|2001|p=228}}</ref> Gudmens says 52.<ref name="Gudmens113">{{harvnb|Gudmens|Combat Studies Institute (U.S.), Staff Ride Team|2005|p=113}}</ref>|group=Note}}

At the Union right, Grant visited Sherman around 3:00{{nbsp}}pm, and found a difficult situation. The remaining regiments had few men, ammunition was low, and more men were either leaving or serving with other units. Some regiments had so many losses that they were ordered to Pittsburg Landing where they could reform.<ref name="Cunningham278">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=278}}</ref> The Union line at this time was back to Jones Field and the surrounding area.<ref name="Cunningham279">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=279}}</ref> The Confederate army facing Sherman and McClernand was reorganizing, and some of the units were shifted to the Hornet's Nest.<ref name="Cunningham278"/> After another attack at 4:00{{nbsp}}pm, Sherman and McClernand fell back further around 5:00{{nbsp}}pm.<ref name="Cunningham286">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=286}}</ref>

On the Union left, Bragg tried to pursue the retreating Union soldiers, but was harassed by Union gunboats firing with increasing accuracy. The Tennessee River was near high tide, and the Union gunboat leaders had discovered that by elevating their guns and using lower charges, they could hit targets close to the river. The ''Tyler'' had some direct hits on Chalmers's Brigade beginning at 5:35{{nbsp}}pm.<ref name="Cunningham313">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=313}}</ref>

====Hornet's Nest becomes focus====
[[File:BattleOfShilohDay1priorto4pm.png|thumb|upright=1.5|The Union right and left were pushed back|alt=map showing prior to 4 PM positions, with Union right pushed back further, center in "Hornet's Nest", and left back all the way to Pittsburg Landing]]
The Confederate army spent a considerable amount of time and resources assaulting the Hornet's Nest instead of bypassing it. Historians' estimates of the number of separate infantry charges, including those from earlier in the morning, range from eight to fourteen.<ref name="Daniel214">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=214}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|McPherson mentions "a dozen separate assaults".<ref name="McPherson410">{{harvnb|McPherson|1988|p=410}}</ref> Daniel criticizes "modern historians" who condemn Bragg for ordering 11 to 14 assaults, since Daniel accounts for only eight—including some not ordered by Bragg. He also believes flanking attacks on the Hornet's Nest should have been made earlier.<ref name="Daniel214"/>|group=Note}} An estimated 10,000 Confederate soldiers were involved.<ref name="Daniel214"/> At 3:30{{nbsp}}pm, the Confederate army began moving all available artillery pieces into positions around the Hornet's Nest.<ref name="Daniel228">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=228}}</ref> Soon they had, at the time, the largest concentration of field artillery (over 50 pieces) ever on the [[North America]]n continent.<ref name="Daniel228-229">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=228–229}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Historians do not agree on the number of artillery pieces in place. Eicher, McPherson, and Shaara cite 62 pieces.<ref name="Eicher228"/><ref name="McPherson410"/><ref name="Shaara23">{{harvnb|Shaara|2006|p=23}}</ref> Cunningham says "a maximum total of fifty–one pieces".<ref name="Cunningham290n">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=290n}}</ref> Daniel says "probably fifty–three".<ref name="Daniel229">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=229}}</ref>|group=Note}} This concentration, known as "Ruggles's Battery" was led by Brigadier General Ruggles.<ref name="Shaara23"/> In his report, Ruggles claimed responsibility for assembling the batteries, but multiple people may have been involved—including Major [[Francis A. Shoup]] (Hardee's artillery chief) and Brigadier General James Trudeau.<ref name="Scott472">{{harvnb|Scott|1884|p=472}}</ref><ref name="Daniel229"/> By 4:00{{nbsp}}pm, the Confederate artillery was firing on Wallace and Prentiss in the Hornet's Nest. Confederate artillery was concentrated near Duncan Field and to the south near the Eastern Corinth Road.<ref name="Daniel229"/> It was not until 4:30{{nbsp}}pm that all Confederate artillery batteries were engaged, and at least one historian believes their effectiveness has been exaggerated.<ref name="Daniel230">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=230}}</ref>

Shortly after 4:00{{nbsp}}pm, Hurlbut was gone from the east side of the Hornet's Nest, and McClernand had fallen back about a half mile (0.8&nbsp;km) from the west side.<ref name="Daniel231">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=231}}</ref> Realizing that they were going to be surrounded, Brigadier General W.H.L. Wallace began leading his division north. Around 4:15{{nbsp}}pm, he was mortally wounded as a portion of his division escaped encirclement.<ref name="Daniel232">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=232}}</ref> A ravine north of the Sunken Road near Cloud Field became known as "Hell's Hollow", and over 1,000 Union soldiers were captured there.<ref name="Daniel235">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=235}}</ref> By 4:45{{nbsp}}pm, most of Wallace's division was removed from the battlefield, and Prentiss was left with about 2,000 men.<ref name="Daniel233">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=233}}</ref> Around 5:30{{nbsp}}pm, various Union regiments began surrendering (including Prentiss), and approximately 2,200 Union soldiers were captured.<ref name="Daniel236">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=236}}</ref> In his memoirs, Grant was critical of Prentiss for not making a timely withdrawal. However, the Hornet's Nest stand by Prentiss and W.H.L. Wallace (who was there longer and had more men under his command) allowed Grant more time to prepare his Last Line.<ref name="Daniel237">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=237}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Daniels uses the term "Grant's Last Line" for Grant's defensive position in his map showing positions at 6:00{{nbsp}}pm on the first day of the battle.<ref name="Daniel247">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=247}}</ref>|group=Note}}

===Evening===
[[File:BattleOfShilohEndOfFirstDay.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Positions at the end of the first day|alt=map showing Grant's Last Line at the end of the day with Confederate forces nearby. Line extends from Pittsburg Landing west to Hamburg-Savannah Road, where it turns north (right)]]
By the time the Hornet's Nest fell, Grant's men had a defensive line from Pittsburg Landing to the Hamburg-Savannah Road and further north.<ref name="Cunningham308">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=308}}</ref> Sherman commanded the right of the line, and McClernand took the center. On the left were the remnants of W.H.L. Wallace's division (commanded by Tuttle), plus Hurlbut's division.<ref name="Daniel245"/> At the landing were 10,000 to 15,000 stragglers and noncombatants.<ref name="Cunningham321n">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=321n}}</ref> The line included the artillery assembled by Colonel Webster, and the two gunboats were close by.<ref name="Cunningham308"/> Grant and Webster rode up and down the line, urging the men to keep firing at their enemy.<ref name="Cunningham322">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=322}}</ref>

The advance of Buell's army, from Nelson's division, had begun arriving around 5:00{{nbsp}}pm.<ref name="Daniel246"/> Its [[36th Indiana Infantry Regiment]] was placed on the east side of Grant's Last Line in time to help defend against an attack.<ref name="Cunningham323">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=323}}</ref> The two navy gunboats helped defend, and the ''Lexington'' fired 32 rounds into the attacking Confederate force in only 10{{nbsp}}minutes.<ref name="Cunningham323"/>{{#tag:ref|Opinions vary on the effectiveness of the gunboats.<ref name="Gudmens114">{{harvnb|Gudmens|Combat Studies Institute (U.S.), Staff Ride Team|2005|p=114}}</ref> Corps commander Bragg reported that the gunboat fire "though terrific in sound and producing some consternation at first, did us no damage...."<ref name="Scott466">{{harvnb|Scott|1884|p=466}}</ref> Yet Confederate regimental commander Lieutenant Colonel [[Calvin D. Venable]] reported "...the shelling from the gunboats was so as to be unbearable, killing and wounding several of my men. I thereupon retired to a ravine and remained until dusk...."<ref name="Scott434">{{harvnb|Scott|1884|p=434}}</ref>|group=Note}} The Confederate attack was repelled, and shortly after 6:00{{nbsp}}pm Beauregard called off all attacks.<ref name="Cunningham323"/> Buell and his army, and some in Grant's army, believed they had saved Grant's Army of the Tennessee. Grant had a differing opinion, believing that by 6:00{{nbsp}}pm the Confederate army was worn out.<ref name="Daniel249">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=249}}</ref>

====Beauregard's situation====
When Beauregard called off all attacks, it was near sunset and he assumed Grant's army could be eliminated on the next day.<ref name="Cunningham323-324">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=323–324}}</ref> He had received a telegram saying Buell's army was in [[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama]], and did not know Grant was already being reinforced.<ref name="Gudmens114"/>{{#tag:ref|One of Buell's divisions was in Alabama, but not his entire army.<ref name="Gudmens114"/> Late in the evening, a squad of Colonel [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]]'s men discovered Union reinforcements arriving at Pittsburg Landing, and this was reported to Hardee. However, the rain and darkness prevented the men from finding Beauregard, and he was not notified.<ref name="Daniel263-264">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=263–264}}</ref>|group=Note}} The Confederate army was badly disorganized, and it had just finished taking prisoners from the Hornet's Nest around 5:30{{nbsp}}pm. Attacks after dark were rare because of problems with friendly fire, and darkness would occur soon.<ref name="Cunningham324-325">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=324–325}}</ref> The exhausted Confederate army already had about 8,000 casualties.<ref name="Daniel263">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=263}}</ref>

[[File:BattleOfShilohBeauregard.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Confederate situation appeared better than it was|alt=Beauregard's Situation at sunset: attack halted, battlefield success, and plans to finish tomorrow]]For many years after the battle, critics believed Beauregard had squandered an opportunity to finish Grant's army.<ref name="Cunningham324">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=324}}</ref> Modern historians, such as Cunningham and Daniel, disagree with that assessment. Cunningham wrote that Beauregard's critics ignore "the existing situation on the Shiloh battlefield"—including Confederate disorganization, time before sunset, and Grant's strong position augmented by gunboats.<ref name="Cunningham324-325"/> Daniel wrote that the thought that "the Confederates could have permanently breached or pulverized the Federal line in an additional hour or so of piecemeal night assaults simply lacks plausibility."<ref name="Daniel256"/> He mentions that it took the Confederates six hours to conquer the Hornet's Nest, and Grant's Last Line was a stronger position. He also cites exhaustion, low ammunition, and one staff officer's belief that one third of the Confederate army was plundering instead of fighting.<ref name="Daniel256"/>

Beauregard spent the evening near Shiloh Church in what had been Sherman's tent. Most of the Confederate army moved back to the original Union camps.<ref name="Daniel262">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=262}}</ref> Beauregard sent a telegram to Richmond discussing "a complete victory, driving the enemy from every position."<ref name="McPherson412">{{harvnb|McPherson|1988|p=412}}</ref><ref name="Scott384">{{harvnb|Scott|1884|p=384}}</ref> Many of the Confederate troops believed that the battle was essentially over, and spent time plundering the camps. Some soldiers took their loot and began walking back to Corinth.<ref name="Daniel262-263">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=262–263}}</ref> Some of the Confederate troops were now armed with better weapons than the ones they had at the beginning of the day. Austrian, Enfield, and Springfield rifles were taken from dead, wounded, captured, or fleeing Union soldiers.<ref name="Cunningham337">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|p=337}}</ref>

It began raining at 10:00{{nbsp}}pm, and at midnight the rain became a storm with thunder and lightning.  This, combined with the constant shelling by Union gunboats throughout the night, made it difficult for the exhausted Confederates to get any sleep. Because of the exhaustion and the belief that Grant's army was almost finished, the Confederate forces were not reorganized. No plans or orders were made for the next day, and it was thought the various commands would regroup at that time for a "final mop-up action".<ref name="Daniel262-263"/> The original Confederate plan was to push Grant's army away from Pittsburg Landing, and pin it against the northern creeks where it could not move quickly or get resupplied.<ref name="Eicher224"/> Instead, Grant had been forced back to a defensible position at Pittsburg Landing where he could be reinforced and resupplied.<ref name="Shaara11">{{harvnb|Shaara|2006|p=11}}</ref>

====Grant's situation====
Grant's army had 7,000 men killed and wounded, 3,000 more captured, and 10,000 men who were afraid to fight.<ref name="Daniel249"/> Before being reinforced, he had an estimated 18,000 fighters formed on his Last Line.<ref name="Daniel245"/> Since most of the Union camps had been captured, these hungry and tired men would have to sleep in the open without blankets, and rain and cold weather added to their misery.<ref name="Cunningham337-338">{{harvnb|Cunningham|2009|pp=337–338}}</ref> At 7:15{{nbsp}}pm, 5,800 fresh troops from Lew Wallace's division arrived at the battlefield and were positioned next to Sherman.<ref name="Gudmens116">{{harvnb|Gudmens|Combat Studies Institute (U.S.), Staff Ride Team|2005|p=116}}</ref> Brigadier General Thomas Crittenden's division from Buell's army began arriving at 9:00{{nbsp}}pm, and two hours later the entire division was at the landing. Eventually, Buell would have nearly 18,000 men available for the battle.<ref name="Gudmens116"/> The Union line from west to east consisted of the divisions commanded by Lew Wallace, Sherman, McClernand, Hurlbut, Crittenden, and Nelson. Prentiss' division was effectively destroyed, and Tuttle was behind the line trying to reorganize W.H.L. Wallace's division.<ref name="Gudmens116"/>

Earlier in the day, Colonel [[James B. McPherson]], Grant's chief engineer, asked Grant if preparations should be started for a retreat. Grant's response was: "Retreat? No! I propose to attack at daylight and whip them."<ref name="Daniel249-250">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=249–250}}</ref> Buell met with Sherman at sunset, and learned that Grant planned to attack at sunrise. An understanding was made that Grant would have the west side of the line, while Buell would plan his own attack on the east side. Despite Grant's seniority, Buell considered himself independent, and Grant chose not to consult with him that evening.<ref name="Daniel265-266">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|pp=265–266}}</ref> Sherman found Grant resting under a tree around midnight, and said: "Well, Grant, we've had the devil's own day, haven't we?" Grant replied: "Yes. Lick'em tomorrow, though."<ref name="Daniel266">{{harvnb|Daniel|1997|p=266}}</ref>