Editing Ashdown Forest (section)

==Landscape of Ashdown Forest==
{{Main|Landscape of Ashdown Forest}}
[[File:Ashdown Forest from Standen.jpg|thumb|right|Ashdown Forest viewed from the gardens of [[Standen]] house]]

Ashdown Forest's landscape in the early 19th century was famously described by [[William Cobbett]]:<ref>William Cobbett, Sussex Journal entry of 8 January 1822, in ''Rural Rides''. Constable, London. 1982. {{ISBN|0-09-464060-2}}.</ref> <blockquote>At about {{convert|3|mi|km|spell=in}} from [[East Grinstead|Grinstead]] you come to a pretty village, called [[Forest Row|Forest-Row]], and then, on the road to [[Uckfield]], you cross Ashurst {{sic}} Forest, which is a heath, with here and there a few birch scrubs upon it, verily the most villainously ugly spot I saw in England. This lasts you for {{convert|5|mi|km|spell=in}}, getting, if possible, uglier and uglier all the way, till, at last, as if barren soil, nasty spewy gravel, heath and even that stunted, were not enough, you see some rising spots, which instead of trees, present you with black, ragged, hideous rocks.</blockquote>

The predominantly open, heathland landscape of Ashdown Forest described so vividly by Cobbett in 1822 and later immortalised by [[E.H. Shepard]] in his illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh stories is essentially man-made: in the absence of human intervention, heathlands such as Ashdown's are quickly taken over by scrub and trees. Ashdown's heathlands date back to medieval times, and quite possibly earlier.<ref>Indeed, according to Oliver Rackham, the beginnings of Wealden heathland, including Ashdown's, which he calls a ''heathland forest'', can be traced back to before the Norman Conquest. See Rackham (1997), p. 134.</ref> Two elements were important in shaping this landscape: the local population of commoners, who exploited the forest's resources over many centuries; and the iron industry of the forest, which flourished in the 16th century.

The commoners played an important role in maintaining the forest as a predominantly heathland area by exercising their rights of common to exploit its resources in a variety of ways: by grazing livestock such as pigs and cattle, which suppressed the growth of trees and scrub; by cutting trees for firewood and for other uses; by cutting dead bracken, fern and heather for use as bedding for their livestock in winter; by periodically burning areas of heathland to maintain pasture; and so on. At times, the numbers of livestock being grazed on the forest was very large: at the end of the 13th century the commoners were turning out 2,000-3,000 cattle, alongside the 1,000-2,000 deer that were also present,<ref name="forestplan">Strategic Forest Plan of the Board of Conservators of Ashdown Forest 2008-2016.</ref> while according to a 1293 record the forest was being grazed by more than 2,700 swine.<ref>Victoria County History of Sussex, Volume II, p. 314.</ref>

A second important factor was the heavy depletion of the forest's woodlands by the local iron industry, which grew very rapidly in the late 15th and 16th centuries, following the introduction of the blast furnace in the 1490s, which led to a huge demand for charcoal. For example, large-scale tree cutting took place in the south of the forest to feed the iron works of the cannon maker [[Ralph Hogge]]. The loss of trees caused such concern for the Crown that as early as 1520 it was lamented that "much of the King's woods were cut down and coled [turned into charcoal] for the iron mills, and the forest digged for Irne [iron] by which man and beast be in jeopardy".<ref>Straker (1940), p. 123.</ref> This ravaging of the forest's woodlands was later mitigated by the adoption of coppice management for the provision of sustainable supplies of charcoal. The impact of the industry on the forest, although significant, was however ultimately short-lived, as it died out in the 17th century.