Editing Art colony (section)

===Western United States===
==== Arizona ====
[[File:View from Historic Jerome Arizona.jpg|thumb|Historic [[Jerome, Arizona]], a copper-mining town that later attracted artists]]
The desert town of [[Sedona, Arizona]], became a Southwest artists' colony in the mid-20th century. [[Dada]]ist [[Max Ernst]] and [[Surrealism|Surrealist]] [[Dorothea Tanning]] arrived from New York in the late 1940s, when the town was populated by less than 500 ranchers, orchard workers, merchants, and small Native American communities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ARTISTS: Max Ernst and Dorothea Tanning in Arizona|url=https://remodernreview.wordpress.com/2016/06/12/artists-max-ernst-and-dorothea-tanning-in-arizona/|date=June 12, 2016|website=The Remodern Review}}</ref> Amid the Wild West setting, Ernst built a small cottage by hand in Brewer Road, and he and Tanning hosted intellectuals and European artists such as [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]] and [[Yves Tanguy]]. Sedona proved an inspiration for the artists, and for Ernst—who compiled his book ''Beyond Painting'' and completed his sculptural masterpiece ''Capricorn'' while living there. The environment also inspired Egyptian sculptor Nassan Gobran to move there from Boston and become head of the art department at [[Verde Valley School]].

In Southern Arizona in the early and mid-twentieth century, the Historic [[Fort Lowell]] enclave outside of [[Tucson, Arizona]], became an artistic epicenter. The adobe ruins of the abandoned nineteenth century [[United States Cavalry]] fort had been adapted by [[Mexican-Americans]] into a small village called "El Fuerte." During the 1920s, 30s and 40s, artists, writers and intellectuals, attracted by the rural elegance and stark landscape of the [[Sonoran Desert]], and romanticism of the [[adobe]] ruins began buying, redesigning and building homes in this small community. Notable artists included Dutch-born artist [[Charles Bolsius]], [[Black Mountain College]] instructor and photographer [[Hazel Larson Archer]], architectural designer and painter [[Veronica Hughart]], early modernist [[Jack Maul]], French writers and artists [[René Cheruy]] and [[Germaine Cheruy]], and noted anthropologists [[Edward H. Spicer]] and [[Rosamond Spicer]]

The small historic town of [[Jerome, Arizona]] was once a thriving copper mining town of 15,000. When the mining company [[Phelps Dodge]] closed the United Verde Mine and its related operations in 1953, the number of residents plummeted to 100. To prevent Jerome from disappearing entirely, the remaining residents turned to tourism and retail. To further encourage tourism, the residents sought [[National Historic Landmark]] status, which the federal government granted in 1967. Today, by sponsoring music festivals, historic-homes tours, celebrations, and races, the community succeeded in attracting visitors and new businesses, which in the twenty-first century include art galleries, working public studios, craft stores, wineries, coffee houses, and restaurants. Many residents are full-time artists, writers, and musicians.

==== California ====
[[File:Carmel Arts & Crafts Hall, 1907.jpg|left|thumb|[[Carmel Arts and Crafts Club]] Hall in 1907 California.]]

[[James Franklin Devendorf]] was one of the founders of the [[Carmel Arts and Crafts Club]] to support artistic works.<ref name="Seavey">{{cite book|last= Seavey |first= Kent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsfoKsxi4q4C&q=Devendorf |title=Carmel, A History in Architecture|publisher=Arcadia Pub. |place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|date=2007|pages=7, 34–39, 45|isbn= 9780738547053 |access-date=2022-01-16 }}</ref><ref name="Hale">{{cite book|last= Hale|first=Sharron Lee |url=https://archive.org/details/tributetoyesterd0000hale/page/20/mode/2up?q=%22M.+J.+Murphy%22 |title=A tribute to yesterday: The history of Carmel, Carmel Valley, Big Sur, Point Lobos, Carmelite Monastery, and Los Burros |publisher=Valley Publishers |place=Santa Cruz, California |date=1980|page=20|access-date=2022-01-18}}</ref> The artists at [[Carmel-by-the-Sea, California]] coalesced in 1905 and incorporated their art gallery and meeting rooms a year later as the Carmel Arts and Crafts Club. They staged annual and special exhibitions, which attracted distinguished visiting artists from across the country, and provided professional instruction in painting, sculpture, and crafts. At the urging of his former student [[Jennie V. Cannon]], [[William Merritt Chase]] was persuaded to teach his last summer school here in 1914. Between 1919 and ca.1948 it was the largest art colony on the Pacific Coast of the United States. In 1927, the [[Carmel Art Association]] replaced the Arts and Crafts Club and thrives today as the nexus of for the art community on the Peninsula of [[Monterey, California]] and [[Big Sur]]. The Carmel Art Institute was established in 1938, and included among its  instructors [[Armin Hansen]] and [[Paul Dougherty (artist)|Paul Dougherty]].<ref name="edwards">{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W.| title=Jennie V. Cannon: The Untold History of the Carmel and Berkeley Art Colonies, Vol. 1|date=2012|publisher=East Bay Heritage Project| location=Oakland, Calif.| isbn=9781467545679|pages=47–105, 132–150, 177–236}} An online facsimile of all of Vol. 1 is posted at the [http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/10aa/10aa557.htm Traditional Fine Arts Organization] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429115613/http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/10aa/10aa557.htm |date=April 29, 2016 }}.</ref> [[John James Cunningham|John Cunningham]] began at the Institute when he helped teach a painting class for Hansen when he fell ill. In 1940, Hansen and the Whitman transferred ownership of the institute to Cunningham and his wife.<ref name="Institute">{{cite web|url=http://carmelartinstitute.com/|title=Carmel Art Institute|work=Carmel Art Institute|place=Carmel-by-the-Sea, California|date=|pages=|access-date=2023-08-12}}</ref>

==== New Mexico ====
[[File:Gerald Cassidy house, Santa Fe.jpg|thumb|The home of Gerald Cassidy, a founding member of the [[Sante Fe art colony]] in [[Santa Fe, New Mexico]] in the early 20th century, {{Circa|1937}}]]
The [[Taos art colony]] in [[Taos, New Mexico]] is an example of more organic development. The semi-desert landscape, clear skies and stunning light, and the cultural richness of both Hispanic and Pueblo Indian cultures in and around Taos attracted many artists throughout the 20th century. Joseph Henry Sharp visited Taos on an 1883 sketching trip and later shared his enthusiasm for the area while studying in Paris with artists Bert G. Phillips and Ernest L. Blumenschein. As a result of a broken wagon wheel while en route to Mexico on September 3, 1898, the two artists stayed in the Taos area instead. Back in Paris, Blumenschein met Eangar I. Couse and told him of Taos. Oscar E. Berninghaus and Herbert Dunton joined the Taos artists,comprising the "Founding" group of six. On July 1, 1915, the Taos Society of Artists held its first meeting. In 1916 Mabel Dodge, the New York socialite, and her husband, artist Maurice Sterne, moved to Taos, where Mabel started Taos' literary colony and recruited many artists to relocate there. Georgia O’Keeffe first visited Taos in 1929, visited the area every summer, and moved permanently to Abiquiu, New Mexico in 1946. Other famous artists who frequented Taos are Ansel Adams and D.H. Lawrence.Once artists began settling and working in Taos, others came, [[art gallery|art galleries and museums]] were opened and the area became an artistic center—though not a formal, funded art colony providing artists with aid, as Yaddo and MacDowell do.<ref name="AAC">{{cite book|last=Shipp|first=Steve|url=https://archive.org/details/americanartcolon00ship/page/159|title=American Art Colonies, 1850-1930: A Historical Guide to America's Original Art Colonies and Their Artists|publisher=Greenwood Publishing|year=1996|isbn=9780313296192|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americanartcolon00ship/page/159 159]|url-access=registration}}</ref>