Editing Arnold J. Toynbee (section)

===Russia===
Toynbee was troubled by the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution]] since he saw Russia as a non-Western society and the revolution as a threat to Western society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Paquette |first1=Gabriel B. |s2cid=144711181 |title=The Impact of the 1917 Russian Revolutions on Arnold J. Toynbee's Historical Thought, 1917–34 |journal=Revolutionary Russia |date=June 2000 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=55–80 |doi=10.1080/09546540008575717 }}</ref> In 1952, he argued that the [[Soviet Union]] had been a victim of Western aggression. He portrayed the [[Cold War]] as a religious competition that pitted a Marxist materialist heresy against the West's spiritual Christian heritage, which had already been foolishly rejected by a secularised West. A heated debate ensued, and an editorial in ''The Times'' promptly attacked Toynbee for treating communism as a "spiritual force".<ref name=mcneill1989p464-5>{{cite book |last1=McNeill |first1=William H. |author-link=William Hardy McNeill |title=Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life |url=https://archive.org/details/arnoldjtoynbeeli00will|url-access=registration <!-- page no. different from print version --> |location=New York |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1989 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/arnoldjtoynbeeli00will/page/223 223]–4 |isbn=9780195058635}}</ref>