Editing Arabs (section)

=== Modern period ===
{{Main|Arab world|Arab League|Charter of the Arab League|Arab Maghreb Union|Gulf Cooperation Council}}
{{See also|Arab nationalism|Pan-Arabism|Arab Union|Arab socialism|}}{{See also|Arab Federation|United Arab Republic|United Arab States|Federation of Arab Republics|Arab Islamic Republic|Union of Arab Republics (1972)}}
[[File:Arab League-Map-WS.PNG|thumb|upright=1.2|A map of the Arab world, formally the '''Arab homeland'''; also known as the '''Arab nation.''']]
The modern period in [[History of the Arabs|Arab history]] refers to the time period from the late 19th century to the present day. During this time, the [[Arab world]] experienced significant [[Politics|political]], [[Economy|economic]], and social changes. One of the most significant events of the modern period was the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the end of Ottoman rule led to the emergence of new [[Nation state|nation-states]] in the Arab world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ottoman Empire – The decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1566–1807|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Geography of the Modern Middle East and North Africa|url=http://www.middleeastpdx.org/resources/original/geography-of-the-modern-middle-east-and-north-africa/|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185925/http://www.middleeastpdx.org/resources/original/geography-of-the-modern-middle-east-and-north-africa/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Sharif Hussein was supposed, in the event of the success of the Arab revolution and the victory of the [[Allies of World War I|Allies in World War I]], to be able to establish an independent Arab state consisting of the Arabian Peninsula and the Fertile Crescent, including Iraq and the Levant. He aimed to become "King of the Arabs" in this state, however, the Arab revolution only succeeded in achieving some of its objectives, including the [[Kingdom of Hejaz|independence of the Hejaz]] and the recognition of Sharif Hussein as its king by the Allies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Teitelbaum|first=Joshua|date=1998|title=Sharif Husayn ibn Ali and the Hashemite Vision of the Post-Ottoman Order: From Chieftaincy to Suzerainty|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283920|journal=Middle Eastern Studies|volume=34|issue=1|pages=103–122|doi=10.1080/00263209808701212|issn=0026-3206|jstor=4283920}}</ref>[[File:Algunos_miembros_de_Al-Rabita_al-Qalamiyya.jpg|thumb|A 1920 photograph of four prominent members of [[Mahjar|The Pen League]] literal meanings being "the [[Arab diaspora]]"<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hans Wehr|title=[[Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic]]|edition=4th|page=1195|author-link=Hans Wehr}}</ref> predecessors in the Nahda movement (or the "[[Nahda|Arab Renaissance]]"). (From left to right): [[Nasib Arida]], [[Kahlil Gibran]], [[Abd al-Masih Haddad]], and [[Mikhail Naimy]].|left]] [[Arab nationalism]] emerged as a major movement in the early 20th century, with many Arab intellectuals, artists, and political leaders seeking to promote unity and independence for the Arab world.<ref name="Requiem">"[http://www.meforum.org/518/requiem-for-arab-nationalism Requiem for Arab Nationalism]" by Adeed Dawisha, ''Middle East Quarterly'', Winter 2003</ref> This movement gained momentum after [[World War II]], leading to the formation of the Arab League and the creation of several new Arab states. [[Pan-Arabism]] that emerged in the early 20th century and aimed to unite all Arabs into a single [[nation]] or state. It emphasized on a shared [[Arab identity|ancestry, culture, history, language and identity]] and sought to create a sense of pan-Arab identity and solidarity.<ref name="smith">Charles Smith, The Arab-Israeli Conflict, in ''International Relations in the Middle East'' by Louise Fawcett, p. 220.</ref><ref name="Sela151">Sela, 151</ref>

The roots of pan-Arabism can be traced back to the [[Nahda|Arab Renaissance]] or Al-Nahda movement of the late 19th century, which saw a revival of Arab culture, literature, and intellectual thought. The movement emphasized the importance of Arab unity and the need to resist colonialism and foreign domination. One of the key figures in the development of pan-Arabism was the Egyptian statesman and intellectual, [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], who led the [[1952 Egyptian revolution|1952 revolution]] in Egypt and became the country's president in 1954. Nasser promoted pan-Arabism as a means of strengthening Arab solidarity and resisting Western imperialism. He also supported the idea of [[Arab socialism]], which sought to combine pan-Arabism with socialist principles. Similar attempts were made by other [[List of leaders of Middle Eastern and North African states#Leaders of Arab League member states|Arab leaders]], such as [[Hafez al-Assad]], [[Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr]], [[Faisal I of Iraq]], [[Muammar Gaddafi]], [[Saddam Hussein]], [[Gaafar Nimeiry]] and [[Anwar Sadat]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Pan-Arabism|url=https://www.graduateinstitute.ch/communications/news/rise-and-fall-pan-arabism|access-date=27 March 2023|website=graduateinstitute.ch}}</ref>
[[File:Flag of Hejaz (1917).svg|thumb|The [[Flag of the Arab Revolt|flag]] of the [[Arab Revolt]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] is a prominent symbol of Arab nationalism. Its design and [[Pan-Arab colors|colors]] are the basis of many of the [[Arab states]]' [[List of Arab flags|flags]]. The [[Pan-Arab colors]] are [[black]], [[white]], [[green]] and [[red]]. Individually, each of the four Pan-Arab colors were intended to represent a certain aspect of the Arabs and their history.]]
Many proposed unions aimed to create a [[Arab Union|unified Arab]] entity that would promote cooperation and integration among Arab countries. However, the initiatives faced numerous challenges and obstacles, including political divisions, regional conflicts, and economic disparities.<ref name="feb1">{{cite news|date=2 February 1958|title=Egypt, Syria Union Aim at Arab Unity|work=The San Francisco Examiner|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/96294492/egypt-syria-union-aims-at-arab-unity/}}</ref> The [[United Arab Republic]] (UAR) was a political union formed between Egypt and Syria in 1958, with the goal of creating a federal structure that would allow each member state to retain its identity and institutions. However, by 1961, Syria had withdrawn from the UAR due to political differences, and Egypt continued to call itself the UAR until 1971, when it became the [[Egypt|Arab Republic of Egypt]]. In the same year the UAR was formed, another proposed political union, the [[Arab Federation]], was established between [[Jordan]] and [[Iraq]], but it collapsed after only six months due to tensions with the UAR and the [[14 July Revolution]]. A confederation called the [[United Arab States]], which included the UAR and the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]], was also created in 1958 but dissolved in 1961.<ref name="Continuum">"Arab Unity." ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. Ed. [[Avraham Sela]]. New York: Continuum, 2002.  pp. 160–166.</ref> Later attempts to create a political and economic union among Arab countries included the [[Federation of Arab Republics]], which was formed by Egypt, [[Libya]], and Syria in the 1970s but dissolved after five years due to political and economic challenges. Muammar Gaddafi, the leader of Libya, also proposed the [[Arab Islamic Republic]] with Tunisia, aiming to include [[Algeria]] and [[Morocco]],<ref>Aghrout, A. & Sutton, K. (1990). Regional Economic Union in the Maghrib. ''The Journal of Modern African Studies'', 28(1), 115</ref> instead the [[Arab Maghreb Union]] was formed in 1989.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3QEAQAAIAAJ&q=%22united+states+of+north+africa%22|title=Africa Research Bulletin|date=7 August 1973|publisher=Blackwell}}</ref>

During the latter half of the 20th century, many Arab countries experienced political upheaval and conflicts, including, revolutions. The [[Arab–Israeli conflict|Arab-Israeli conflict]] remains a major issue in the region, and has resulted in ongoing tensions and periodic outbreaks of violence. In recent years, the Arab world has faced new challenges, including economic and social inequalities, demographic changes, and the impact of [[globalization]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 September 2020|title=The Arab-Israeli conflict is fading|newspaper=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/09/19/the-arab-israeli-conflict-is-fading}}</ref> The [[Arab Spring]] was a series of pro-democracy uprisings and protests that swept across several countries in the Arab world in 2010 and 2011. The uprisings were sparked by a combination of political, economic, and social grievances and called for democratic reforms and an end to authoritarian rule. While the protests resulted in the downfall of some long-time authoritarian leaders, they also led to ongoing conflicts and political instability in other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uprisings in the region and ignored indicators|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/11/feb/1080.html|website=Payvand|access-date=31 March 2023|archive-date=25 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425231858/http://www.payvand.com/news/11/feb/1080.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>