Editing Antisemitism in Christianity (section)

==Middle Ages==
{{Main|History of European Jews in the Middle Ages|Medieval antisemitism}}
[[File:1182 french expulsion of jews.jpg|thumb|A miniature from [[Grandes Chroniques de France]] depicting the expulsion of Jews from France in 1182]]
In 7th century Spain, Visigoth Christian rulers and the Spanish Church's Councils of Toledo implemented policies of [[History of the Jews in Spain#Visigoth rule – Repression and forced conversions (5th century to 711)|forced conversions and expulsions of Jews]].  Later in the 12th century [[Bernard of Clairvaux]] said "For us the Jews are Scripture's living words, because they remind us of what Our Lord suffered. They are not to be persecuted, killed, or even put to flight."<ref>Catholic Book of Quotations, by Leo Knowles, Copyright 2004 by Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division, Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. All rights reserved.</ref> According to [[Anna Sapir Abulafia]], most scholars agree that Jews and Christians in Latin [[Christendom]] lived in relative peace with one another until the 13th century.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Abulafia|editor1-first=Anna Sapir|title=Religious Violence Between Christians and Jews: Medieval Roots, Modern Perspectives|page=xii|publisher=Palgrave|location=UK|year=2002|isbn=978-1-34942-499-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Bachrach|first=Bernard S.|title=Early medieval Jewish policy in Western Europe| page=3 | publisher=University of Minnesota Press| location=Minneapolis| year=1977| isbn=0-8166-0814-8}}</ref>

=== Massacres ===
Starting in the 11th century, the [[Crusades]] unleashed a wave of antisemitism, with attacks, massacres and forced conversions of Jews, which continued to occur throughout the Middle Ages.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2025-04-16 |title=Judaism - Marginalization, Expulsion, Diaspora {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Judaism/Marginalization-and-expulsion |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>  While Muslims of the Holy Land were the primary targets, the Crusades soon expanded to other perceived enemies of Christianity inside Europe - pagans ([[Northern Crusades]]) and heretics ([[Albigensian Crusade]]). Jews become targets of the Crusaders, due to their being viewed as "enemies of God", responsible for Christ's crucifixion.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Jeremy |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Christ_Killers/z0vuAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=jeremy+cohen+christ&dq=jeremy+cohen+christ&printsec=frontcover |title=Christ Killers: The Jews and the Passion from the Bible to the Big Screen |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517841-8 |pages=55 |language=en}}</ref>

The knights of the First Crusade perpetrated the [[Rhineland massacres]] of Jews in 1096, while the Second Crusade led to massacres in France. The gathering for the Third Crusade in 1189-1190 brought about massacres of Jews&nbsp;in London,<ref name="fordham london massacre">{{cite web |author=[[Roger of Hoveden]] |title=The Persecution of Jews, 1189 |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/hoveden1189b.asp |access-date=2 January 2012 |work=[[Medieval Sourcebook]] |publisher=[[Fordham University]]}}</ref> Northampton<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Dan |author-link=Dan Jones (writer) |title=[[The Plantagenets: The Kings Who Made England]] |date=2012-05-10 |publisher=[[HarperCollins Publishers]] |isbn=978-0-00-745749-6 |language=en}}</ref> and [[York]]<ref>{{cite conference |date=March 2010 |title=York 1190: Jews and Others in the Wake of Massacre |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/medieval-studies/york-1190/about-york-1190-massacre-conference.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117173923/http://www.york.ac.uk/medieval-studies/york-1190/about-york-1190-massacre-conference.html |archive-date=January 17, 2012 |access-date=December 29, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Further massacres followed in [[Rintfleisch massacres|Franconia (1298)]], and in France in 1320 as part of the [[Shepherds' Crusade (1320)|Shepherds' Crusade]].<ref name=":4" /> The [[Massacre of 1391|1391 massacres]] of Jews in Spain, proved to be especially deadly, forcing many to convert. A prime mover of the violence in Spain was Archdeacon [[Ferrand Martínez|Ferrand Martinez]], who called for the [[Religious persecution|persecution of the Jews]] in his [[homilies]] and speeches,<ref name="Knowledge Commons2">{{Cite journal |date=10 September 2020 |editor-last=Miguel-Prendes |editor-first=Sol |editor2-last=Sofier Irish |editor2-first=Maya |editor3-last=Wacks |editor3-first=David A. |title=Ferrán Martínez's speech at the Tribunal del Alcázar in Seville, 19 February, 1388 (English version) |url=https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:32497/ |access-date=September 8, 2024 |website=Knowledge Commons}}</ref> claiming that he was [[God|obeying God's commandment]].<ref name="Lea 18962">{{cite journal |last1=Lea |first1=Henry Charles |date=1896 |title=Ferrand Martinez and the Massacres of 1391 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=209–219 |doi=10.1086/ahr/1.2.209 |jstor=1833647 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In [[Vienna Gesera|Austria in 1420]] all Jews were arrested and jailed, with 200 burned alive on the pyre.

=== Expulsions ===
Beyond massacres, Jews were repeatedly expelled from Europe. In 1290, [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]] expelled all Jews from England; they were not permitted to return until 1656. Similar expulsions followed in France in 1306, Switzerland in 1348 and Germany in 1394,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date= |title=Medieval antisemitism – The Holocaust Explained |url=https://www.theholocaustexplained.org/anti-semitism/medieval-antisemitism/#:~:text=throughout%20the%20Crusades.-,Banishment,1348%20and%20Germany%20in%201394. |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=The Wiener Holocaust Library |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 1492 the Catholic King and Queen of Spain, gave Jews the choice of either baptism or expulsion, as a result more than 160,000 Jews were expelled.<ref name=":5" /> Jews were only allowed officially back into Spain in <mark>1868</mark> with the establishment of a constitutional monarchy that allowed for the practice of faiths other than Catholicism, however, the ability to practice Judaism wasn't fully restored until 1968, when the edict of expulsion was formally repealed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Congress |first=World Jewish |title=Spain |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/es#:~:text=In%201868,%20with%20the%20creation,practice%20Judaism%20as%20a%20community. |access-date=2025-04-18 |website=World Jewish Congress |language=EN}}</ref> The most common reasons given for these banishments were the need for religious purity, protection of Christian citizens from Jewish money lending, or pressure from other citizens who hoped to profit from the Jews' absence.<ref name=":6" />

=== Other discrimination ===
Jews were subjected to a wide range of legal [[Disabilities (Jewish)|disabilities]] and restrictions in medieval Europe. Jews were excluded from many trades, the occupations varying with place and time, and determined by the influence of various non-Jewish competing interests. Often Jews were barred from all occupations but money-lending and peddling, with even these at times forbidden. Jews' association to money lending would carry on throughout history in the stereotype of Jews being greedy and perpetuating capitalism. Another stereotype that appeared in the 12th century was [[Blood Libels|the blood libel]], which alleged that the Jews killed Christian boys and used their blood to make unleavened bread.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-15 |title=Blood libel {{!}} Meaning, Antisemitism, & History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/blood-libel |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Such accusations led to persecutions and killing of Jews.

In the later medieval period, the number of Jews who were permitted to reside in certain places was limited; they were concentrated in [[ghetto]]s, and they were also not allowed to own land; they were forced to pay discriminatory taxes whenever they entered cities or districts other than their own.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jewish history to the middle ages – Smarthistory |url=https://smarthistory.org/jewish-history-to-the-middle-ages/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=smarthistory.org}}</ref> The [[Oath More Judaico]], the form of oath required from Jewish witnesses, developed bizarre or humiliating forms in some places, e.g. in the Swabian law of the 13th century, the Jew would be required to stand on the hide of a sow or a bloody lamb.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oath More Judaico |url=https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/11640-oath-more-judaico |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}}</ref>

==={{lang|la|Sicut Judaeis}}===
{{lang|la|[[Sicut Judaeis]]}} (the "Constitution for the Jews") was the official position of the papacy regarding Jews throughout the Middle Ages and later.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Paula |last=Fredriksen |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/600873 |title=Review: Revisiting Augustine's Doctrine of Jewish Witness |journal=The Journal of Religion |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=564–578 |date=October 2009 |jstor= 10.1086/600873|doi= 10.1086/600873|s2cid=170403439 }}</ref> The first [[papal bull]] was issued in about 1120 by [[Calixtus II]], intended to protect Jews who suffered during the [[First Crusade]], and was reaffirmed by many popes, even until the 15th century although they were not always strictly upheld.

The bull forbade, besides other things, Christians from coercing Jews to convert, or to harm them, or to take their property, or to disturb the celebration of their festivals, or to interfere with their cemeteries, on pain of excommunication:<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=History of Toleration}}</ref>

{{blockquote|We decree that no Christian shall use violence to force them to be baptized, so long as they are unwilling and refuse.{{nbsp}}[...] Without the judgment of the political authority of the land, no Christian shall presume to wound them or kill them or rob them of their money or change the good customs that they have thus far enjoyed in the place where they live.<ref name="BaskinSeeskin2010">{{cite book|last1=Baskin|first1=Judith R.|last2=Seeskin|first2=Kenneth|title=The Cambridge Guide to Jewish History, Religion, and Culture|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521869607|page=120}}</ref>}}

=== Papal restrictions and persecution of Jews ===
[[File:Pope Paul IV – Palma il Giovane (1586–87).jpg|thumb|[[Pope Paul IV]], the author of ''[[Cum nimis absurdum]]'']]
While some popes offered protection to Jews, others implemented restrictive policies and actions that contributed to their marginalization and persecution. A key role was played by [[Pope Innocent III]] who justified his calls for lay and Church authorities to restrict Jewish "insolence" by claiming God made Jews slaves for rejecting and killing Christ. He proclaimed them to be the enemies of Christ, who must be kept in a position of social inferiority and prevented from exercising power over Christians.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tolan |first=John |url=https://hal.science/hal-00726485/file/Of_Milk_and_Blood.pdf |title=The Legal Status of Religious Minorities in the Euro-Mediterranean World (5th – 15th centuries)}}</ref>

'''Devaluing testimony of Jews:''' The [[Third Council of the Lateran|Third Lateran Council]], convened by [[Pope Alexander III]] in 1179, declared the testimony of Christians should be always accepted over the testimony of Jews, that those who believe the testimony of Jews should be [[Anathema|anathemized]], and that Jews should be subject to Christians.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Lateran Council: On Jews |url=https://history.hanover.edu/courses/excerpts/344latj.html |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=history.hanover.edu}}</ref> It forbade Christians serving Jews and Muslims in their homes, calling for the excommunication of those who do.

'''Prohibitions on holding public office'''. The [[Fourth Lateran Council]], of 1215, convened by [[Pope Innocent III]], declared: "Since it is absurd that a blasphemer of Christ exercise authority over Christians, we ... renew in this general council what the Synod of Toledo (589) wisely enacted in this matter, prohibiting Jews from being given preference in the matter of public offices, since in such capacity they are most troublesome to the Christians"<ref name=":3"/> These prohibitions remained in effect for centuries.<ref name=":0">Stow, Kenneth R. (2001). "Theater of Acculturation: The Roman Ghetto in the 16th Century". University of Washington Press. p. 18-19.</ref><ref name=":1">Chazan, Robert (2010). "Reassessing Jewish Life in Medieval Europe". Cambridge University Press. p. 137-138.</ref><ref name=":2">Grayzel, Solomon (1989). "The Church and the Jews in the XIIIth Century". Jewish Publication Society. p. 60-61.</ref>

'''Distinctive clothing and badges:''' The [[Fourth Lateran Council]] required Jews to wear distinctive clothing or badges to distinguish them from Christians. The reason given for this was to enforce prohibitions against sexual intercourse between Christians and Jews and Muslims.<ref name=":3" /> This practice of requiring Jews to wear distinctive clothing and badges was reinforced by subsequent popes and became widespread across Europe.<ref name=":2"/> Such markings led to threats, extortion and violence against Jews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLACEHOLDER |first=REPRINT AUTHOR |title=The Long History of Forcing Jews to Wear Anti-Semitic Badges |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-long-history-of-forcing-jews-to-wear-anti-semitic-badges-180981829/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> This requirement was only removed with the [[Jewish Emancipation]] following [[Age of Enlightenment|the Enlightenment]], but the Nazis revived it. The council also forbade Jews and Muslims from appearing in public during the last three days of Easter.

'''Condemnations and burning of the Talmund:'''  In 1239, [[Pope Gregory IX]] sent a letter to priest in France with accusations against the [[Talmud|Talmund]] by a [[Franciscans|Franciscan]]. He ordered the confiscation of Jewish books while Jews were gathered in synagogue, and that all such books be "burned at the stake.” Similar instructions were conveyed to the kings of France, England, Spain, and Portugal. 24 wagons of Jewish books were burned in Paris. Additional condemnations of the Talmud were issued by Popes [[Pope Innocent IV|Innocent IV]] in his bull of 1244, [[Pope Alexander IV|Alexander IV]], [[Pope John XXII|John XXII]] in 1320, and [[Antipope Alexander V|Alexander V]] in 1409. [[Pope Eugene IV|Pope Eugenius IV]] issued a bull prohibiting Jews from studying the Talmud following the Council of Basle, 1431–43.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burning of the Talmud |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/burning-of-the-talmud#:~:text=Condemnations%20of%20the%20Talmud%20were,a%20condemnation%20of%20the%20Talmud. |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref>

'''Spanish Inquisition:''' In 1478 [[Pope Sixtus IV]] issued a bull which authorized the Spanish Inquisition.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Spanish Inquisition {{!}} Definition, History, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Spanish-Inquisition |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> This institutionalized the persecution of Jews who had converted to Christianity (''[[converso]]s''), due to mass violence against Jews by Catholics (e.g. the [[Massacre of 1391]]). The Inquisition employed torture and property confiscation, thousands were burned at the stake. In 1492 Jews were given the choice of either baptism or expulsion, as a result more than 160,000 Jews were expelled.<ref name=":5" />

'''Portuguese Inquisition:''' In 1536 [[Pope Paul III]] established the [[Portuguese Inquisition]] with a papal bull. The major target of the Portuguese Inquisition were Jewish converts to [[Catholicism]], who were suspected of [[Crypto-Judaism|secretly practicing Judaism]]. Many of these were originally [[Sephardic Jews|Spanish Jews]] who had left Spain for Portugal, when Spain forced Jews to convert to Christianity or leave. The number of these victims (between 1540 and 1765) is estimated at 40,000.<ref>{{cite book |last=Saraiva |first=António José |title=The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians |publisher=Brill |year=2001 |location=Leiden |translator-last=Salomon |translator-first=Herman Prins |translator-last2=Sassoon |translator-first2=Isaac S. D.|p=9}}</ref>

'''Ghettos:''' In 1555, [[Pope Paul IV]] issued the papal bull ''[[Cum nimis absurdum]]'', which forced Jews in the [[Papal States]] to live in [[ghetto]]s. It declared "absurd" that Jews, condemned by God to slavery for their faults, had "invaded" the Papal States and were living freely among Christians. It justified restrictions by asserting that Jews were "slaves" for their deeds, while Christians were "freed" by Jesus, and that Jews should see "the true light" and convert to Catholicism. This policy was later adopted in other parts of Europe. The [[Roman Ghetto]], established in 1555, was one of the best-known Jewish ghettos, existing until the Papal States were abolished in 1870, and Jews were no longer restricted<ref>Stow, Kenneth R. (2001). "Theater of Acculturation: The Roman Ghetto in the 16th Century". University of Washington Press. p. 18.</ref>

'''Forced conversions and expulsions:''' Some popes supported or initiated forced conversions and expulsions of Jews. For example, [[Pope Pius V]] expelled Jews from the Papal States in 1569, with the exception of Rome and Ancona. In 1593 [[Pope Clement VIII]] expelled the Jews from the [[Papal States]] with the bull, ''[[Caeca et Obdurata|Caeca et Obdurata Hebraeorum perfidia]]'' (meaning ''The blind and obdurate perfidy of the Hebrews''<ref>Roth, Cecil. 1966. ''The Jewish Book of Days''. Hermon Press.</ref>) [[Pope Innocent III]] in 1201 authorized the forced baptism of Jews in southern France, declaring that those who had been forcibly baptized must remain Christian.<ref>Chazan, Robert (2006). "The Jews of Medieval Western Christendom: 1000-1500". Cambridge University Press. p. 49-50.</ref>

'''Restrictions on Jewish economic activities:''' Various popes imposed restrictions on Jewish economic activities, limiting their professions and ability to own property. In 1555 [[Pope Paul IV]], in his bull ''Cum nimis absurdum'', prohibited Jews from engaging in most professions, restricting them primarily to moneylending and selling second-hand goods. This bull also forbade Jews from owning real estate and limited them to one synagogue per city. Previously the Fourth Lateran Council, sought ''"to protect the Christians against cruel oppression by the Jews",'' who extort Christians with "oppressive and immoderate" interest rates.<ref name=":3" />

===anti-Semitism===
[[File:Burning Jews.jpg|thumb|Jews burned alive for the alleged [[host desecration]] in [[Deggendorf]], Bavaria, in 1337]]
Anti-Semitism in popular European Christian culture escalated beginning in the 13th century. [[Blood libels]] and [[host desecration]] drew popular attention and led to many cases of persecution against Jews. Many believed Jews poisoned wells to cause plagues. In the case of blood libel, it was widely believed that the Jews would kill a child before Easter and needed Christian blood to bake matzo. Throughout history, if a Christian child was murdered accusations of blood libel would arise no matter how small the Jewish population. The Church often added to the fire by portraying the dead child as a martyr who had been tortured, and who had powers like Jesus was believed to. Sometimes the children were even made into saints.<ref name="The Butcher's Tale">The Butcher's Tale</ref> Anti-Semitic imagery such as [[Judensau]] and [[Ecclesia et Synagoga]] recurred in Christian art and architecture. Anti-Jewish Easter holiday customs such as the [[Burning of Judas]] continue to the present time.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bachner |first1=Michael |title=Polish crowd beats, burns Judas effigy with hat, sidelocks of ultra-Orthodox Jew |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/polish-crowd-beats-burns-judas-effigy-featuring-anti-semitic-tropes/ |agency=Times of Israel |date=April 21, 2019}}</ref>

In Iceland, one of the hymns repeated in the days leading up to Easter includes the lines:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-vilhjalmur-f04.htm |title=Iceland, the Jews, and Anti-Semitism, 1625–2004 – Vilhjálmur Örn Vilhjálmsson |publisher=Jcpa.org |access-date=2013-07-10}}</ref>

{{poemquote|
The righteous Law of Moses
The Jews here misapplied,
Which their deceit exposes,
Their hatred and their pride.
The judgement is the Lord's.
When by falsification
The foe makes accusation,
It's His to make awards.}}

===Persecutions and expulsions===
[[File:Massaker von Lissabon.jpg|thumb|[[Lisbon Massacre]] in 1506]]
[[File:Expulsion judios-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|right|[[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|Expulsions of Jews]] in Europe from 1100 to 1600]]

During the [[Middle Ages]] in [[Europe]] [[Persecution of Jews|persecutions]] and formal [[Expulsions and exoduses of Jews|expulsions]] of Jews were liable to occur at intervals, and this was also the case for other minority communities, regardless of whether they were religious or ethnic. There were particular outbursts of riotous persecution during the [[Rhineland massacres]] of 1096 in Germany, these massacres coincided with the lead-up to the [[First Crusade]], many of the killings were committed by the crusaders as they traveled to the East. There were many local expulsions from cities by local rulers and city councils. In Germany, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] generally tried to restrain the persecution, if only for economic reasons, but it was frequently unable to exert much influence. In the [[Edict of Expulsion]], [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]] expelled all of the Jews from England in 1290 (after he collected ransom from 3,000 of the wealthiest Jews), based on the accusation that they were practicing [[usury]] and undermining loyalty to the dynasty. In 1306, there was a wave of persecution in France, and there were also widespread [[Black Death Jewish persecutions]] because many Christians accused the Jews of either causing or spreading the plague.<ref name="isbn0-7065-1327-4">{{cite book |title=Anti-Semitism |publisher=Keter Books |location=Jerusalem |year=1974 |isbn=9780706513271 }}</ref><ref name="Teacher's">{{cite web|title=Map of Jewish expulsions and resettlement areas in Europe|url=http://fcit.usf.edu/HOLOCAUST/gallery/expuls.htm|work=Florida Center for Instructional Technology, College of Education, University of South Florida|publisher=A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust|access-date=24 December 2012}}</ref> As late as 1519, the Imperial city of [[Regensburg]] took advantage of the recent death of [[Emperor Maximilian I]] to expel its 500 Jews.<ref>[[Christopher Wood (art historian)|Wood, Christopher]], ''Albrecht Altdorfer and the Origins of Landscape'', p. 251, 1993, Reaktion Books, London, {{ISBN|0948462469}}</ref>

"Officially, the medieval Catholic church never advocated the expulsion of all of the Jews from Christendom nor did it repudiate Augustine's doctrine of Jewish witness... Still, late medieval Christendom frequently ignored its mandates".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cohen|first=Jeremy|title=Review: Revisiting Augustine's Doctrine of Jewish Witness|journal=The Journal of Religion|volume=89|issue=4|date=October 2009|pages=396, 564–578|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|doi=10.1086/600873jstor=10.1086/600873|s2cid=170403439}}</ref>

====Expulsion of Jews from Spain====
{{Main|Alhambra Decree}}
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2014}}
The largest expulsion of Jews followed the [[Reconquista]] or the reunification of Spain, and it preceded the [[Expulsion of the Moriscos|expulsion of the Muslims]] who would not convert, despite the protection of their religious rights promised by the [[Treaty of Granada (1491)]].  On 31 March 1492 [[Ferdinand II of Aragon]] and [[Isabella I of Castile]], the rulers of [[Spain]] who financed [[Christopher Columbus]]' voyage to the New World just a few months later in 1492, declared that all Jews in their territories should either convert to Christianity or leave the country. While some converted, many others left for [[Portugal]], [[France]], [[Italy]] (including the [[Papal States]]), [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], the [[Ottoman Empire]], and [[North Africa]]. Many of those who had fled to Portugal were later expelled by [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel]] in 1497 or left to avoid forced conversion and [[Marranos|persecution]].