Editing Andrew Carnegie (section)

====Investing in education, science, pensions, civil heroism, music, and world peace====
[[File:CMUquadfromCoLcrop.jpg|thumb|right|[[Carnegie Mellon University]]]]
[[File:PSM V76 D210 Carnegie institution administration buiding in washington.png|thumb|Carnegie Institution administration building in Washington, D.C.]]
In 1900, Carnegie gave $2 million to start the [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]] (CIT) at Pittsburgh and the same amount in 1902 to create the [[Carnegie Institution]] at Washington, D.C., to encourage research and discovery. He later contributed more to these and other schools.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} CIT is now known as [[Carnegie Mellon University]] after it merged with the [[Mellon Institute of Industrial Research]]. Carnegie also served on the Boards of [[Cornell University]] and [[Stevens Institute of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web.stevens.edu/catalog/archive/home/campus.html |title=Stevens Institute of Technology Campus and Directions |website=web.stevens.edu |access-date=September 29, 2017 |archive-date=June 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606084643/http://web.stevens.edu/catalog/archive/home/campus.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1911, Carnegie became a sympathetic benefactor to [[George Ellery Hale]], who was trying to build the {{convert|100|in|m|adj=on}} [[Hooker telescope|Hooker Telescope]] at [[Mount Wilson Observatory|Mount Wilson]], and donated an additional ten million dollars to the [[Carnegie Institution for Science|Carnegie Institution]] with the following suggestion to expedite the construction of the telescope: "I hope the work at Mount Wilson will be vigorously pushed, because I am so anxious to hear the expected results from it. I should like to be satisfied before I depart, that we are going to repay to the old land some part of the debt we owe them by revealing more clearly than ever to them the new heavens." The telescope saw [[First light (astronomy)|first light]] on November 2, 1917, with Carnegie still alive.<ref>Simmons, Mike (1984). [http://www.mtwilson.edu/his/art/g1a4.php "History of Mount Wilson Observatory&nbsp;– Building the 100-Inch Telescope"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208191301/http://www.mtwilson.edu/his/art/g1a4.php |date=February 8, 2009}}. [[Mount Wilson Observatory]] Association (MWOA).</ref>

[[File:Pittencrieff Park, Dunfermline.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Pittencrieff Park, [[Dunfermline]], Scotland]]

In 1901, in Scotland, he gave $10 million to establish the [[Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland]]. It was created by a deed that he signed on June 7, 1901, and it was incorporated by royal charter on August 21, 1902. The establishing gift of $10 million was then an unprecedented sum: at the time, total government assistance to all four Scottish universities was about £50,000 a year. The aim of the Trust was to improve and extend the opportunities for scientific research in the Scottish universities and to enable the deserving and qualified youth of Scotland to attend a university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 13, 2008 |title=Carnegie Trust - for the Universities of Scotland |url=http://www.carnegie-trust.org/our_history.htm |access-date=February 11, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513232654/http://www.carnegie-trust.org/our_history.htm |archive-date=May 13, 2008 }}</ref> He was subsequently elected [[Lord Rector]] of [[University of St. Andrews]] in December 1901,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-university-intelligence/138126085/ |newspaper=[[The Times]] |publication-place=London |title=University Intelligence |date=December 7, 1901 |page=11 |issue=36632 |access-date=January 5, 2024 |via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> and formally installed as such in October 1902,<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 23, 1902 |title=University Intelligence |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-university-intelligence/138126227/ |access-date=January 5, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Times]] |page=9 |language=en |publication-place=London, England |via=Newspapers.com |issue=36906}}</ref> serving until 1907. He also donated large sums of money to Dunfermline, the place of his birth. In addition to a library, Carnegie also bought the private estate which became [[Pittencrieff Park]] and opened it to all members of the public, establishing the Carnegie Dunfermline Trust<ref>{{Scottish charity|SC015710|Carnegie Dunfermline Trust}}</ref> to benefit the people of Dunfermline. A statue of Carnegie was later built between 1913 and 1914 in the park as a commemoration for his creation of the park.<ref>{{Canmore|class=C|num=383697|desc= View of Andrew Carnegie Statue, Pittencrieff Park, Dunfermline. From South East.}}</ref><ref>{{Historic Environment Scotland|desc=PITTENCRIEFF PARK, STATUE OF ANDREW CARNEGIE (LB25970)|num=LB25970|fewer-links=yes|access-date=August 10, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dunfermlinepress.com/news/16133533.Andrew_Carnegie_statue_vandalised/|title=Andrew Carnegie statue vandalised|website=Dunfermline Press|date=April 3, 2018|language=en|access-date=April 3, 2018|archive-date=April 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403114732/http://www.dunfermlinepress.com/news/16133533.Andrew_Carnegie_statue_vandalised/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Carnegie was a major patron of music. He was a founding financial backer of [[Jeannette Thurber]]'s [[National Conservatory of Music of America]] in 1885.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Emanuel |date=1990 |title=Jeannette Meyers Thurber and the National Conservatory of Music |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052098 |journal=American Music |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=294–325 |doi=10.2307/3052098 |jstor=3052098 |issn=0734-4392 |access-date=October 28, 2022 |archive-date=October 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221028220607/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3052098 |url-status=live }}</ref> He built the music performing venue [[Carnegie Hall]] in New York City; it opened in 1891 and remained in his family until 1925. His interest in music led him to fund the construction of 7,000 pipe organs in churches and temples, with no apparent preference for any religious denomination or sect.<ref>"Looking Back Into the Past" (PDF). The Diapason. 47 (2): 22. January 1, 1956.</ref><ref>"Mr. Carnegie Gives To All" (PDF). The Diapason. 2 (3): 3. February 1, 1911.</ref>

He gave a further $10 million in 1913 to endow the [[Carnegie United Kingdom Trust]], a grant-making foundation.<ref>{{Scottish charity |SC012799 |Carnegie United Kingdom Trust}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/ |title=Home – Carnegie UK Trust |access-date=March 13, 2013 |archive-date=December 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228172131/http://www.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He transferred to the trust the charge of all his existing and future benefactions, other than university benefactions in the United Kingdom. He gave the trustees a wide discretion, and they inaugurated a policy of financing rural library schemes rather than erecting library buildings, and of assisting the musical education of the people rather than granting organs to churches.<ref name="EB1922">{{EB1922|inline=y|wstitle=Carnegie, Andrew|volume=30|page=579}}</ref>

[[File:Tuskegee Institute - faculty.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Carnegie with Black American leader [[Booker T. Washington]] (front row, center) in 1906 while visiting [[Tuskegee Institute]]]]
[[File:La_haye_palais_paix_jardin_face.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.9|The Peace Palace in the Hague, opened in 1913]]

In 1901, Carnegie also established large pension funds for his former employees at Homestead and, in 1905, for American college professors.<ref name="EB1911"/> The latter fund evolved into [[TIAA-CREF]]. One critical requirement was that church-related schools had to sever their religious connections to get his money.

Carnegie was a large benefactor of the [[Tuskegee Institute]] for Black American education under [[Booker T. Washington]]. He helped Washington create the [[National Negro Business League]].

[[File:Medaille Carneggie Heldenfonds.jpg|thumb|right|80px|Dutch medal of the Carnegie Hero Fund.]]
In 1904, he founded the [[Carnegie Hero Fund]] for the United States and Canada (a few years later also established in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, and Germany) for the recognition of deeds of heroism. Carnegie contributed $1.5 million in 1903 for the erection of the [[Peace Palace]] at [[The Hague]]; and he donated $150,000 for a Pan-American Palace in Washington as a home for the International Bureau of American Republics.<ref name="EB1911"/>

When it became obvious that Carnegie could not give away his entire fortune within his lifetime, he established the [[Carnegie Corporation of New York]] in 1911 "to promote the advancement and diffusion of knowledge and understanding" and continue his program of giving.

Carnegie was honored for his philanthropy and support of the arts by initiation as an honorary member of [[Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia]] fraternity on October 14, 1917, at the [[New England Conservatory|New England Conservatory of Music]] in Boston, Massachusetts. The fraternity's mission reflects Carnegie's values by developing young men to share their talents to create harmony in the world.