Editing Amsterdam (section)

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Religion in Amsterdam (2015)<ref name="random">{{Cite web |title=Kerkelijke gezindte en kerkbezoek naar gemeenten 2010–2015 |url=https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2016/51/kerkelijke%20gezindte%20en%20kerkbezoek%20naar%20gemeenten.xlsx |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Irreligion|Non affiliated]]
|value1 = 62.2
|color1 = WhiteSmoke
|label2 = [[Catholic Church in the Netherlands|Catholic Church]]
|value2 = 13.3
|color2 = DarkOrchid
|label3 = [[Protestant Church in the Netherlands|Protestant Church]]
|value3 = 9.8
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|label4 = Other [[Christian denominations|Christian]]
|value4 = 5.8
|color4 = DarkBlue
|label5 = [[Islam in the Netherlands|Islam]]
|value5 = 7.1
|color5 = Green
|label6 = [[Hinduism in the Netherlands|Hinduism]]
|value6 = 1.1
|color6 = Orange
|label7 = [[Buddhism in the Netherlands|Buddhism]]
|value7 = 1.0
|color7 = Yellow
|label8 = [[Judaism in the Netherlands|Judaism]]
|value8 = 0.7
|color8 = Blue
}}
In 1578, the largely Catholic city of Amsterdam joined the revolt against Spanish rule,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9dALHk8-OUC&pg=PA558 |title=World and Its Peoples |date=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=9780761478904 |pages=558}}</ref> late in comparison to other major northern Dutch cities.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Esser |first=Raingard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kamfdUXkVsIC&pg=PA34 |title=The Politics of Memory: The Writing of Partition in the Seventeenth-Century Low Countries |date=17 February 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004208070 |pages=34}}</ref> Catholic priests were driven out of the city.<ref name=":3" /> Following the Dutch takeover, all churches were converted to Protestant worship.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyGSyhojZxcC&pg=PA58 |title=Let's Go Amsterdam 5th Edition |date=27 November 2007 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780312374549 |pages=58}}</ref> [[Calvinism]] was declared the main religion.<ref name=":4" /> It was forbidden to openly profess [[Roman Catholicism]] and the [[Reestablishment of the episcopal hierarchy in the Netherlands|Catholic hierarchy was prohibited until the mid-19th century]]. This led to the establishment of [[clandestine church]]es, covert religious buildings hidden in pre-existing buildings. Catholics, some Jews, and dissenting Protestants worshipped in such buildings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stiefel |first=Barry L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4hECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |title=Jews and the Renaissance of Synagogue Architecture, 1450–1730 |date=6 October 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317320326 |pages=67}}</ref> A large influx of foreigners of many religions came to 17th-century Amsterdam, in particular [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardic Jews]] from Spain and Portugal,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Israel |first=Jonathan |date=Fall 1989 |title=Sephardic Immigration into the Dutch Republic, 1595–1672 |journal=Studia Rosenthaliana |volume=23 |pages=45{{em dash}}53 |jstor=41481727}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warshawsky |first=Matthew D. |date=July 2018 |title="All True, All Holy, All Divine": Jewish Identity in the Polemics and Letters of Isaac Orobio de Castro, a Former Portuguese New Christian in 1600s Amsterdam |journal=Journal of Jewish Identities |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=267{{em dash}}283 |doi=10.1353/jji.2018.0017 |quote=During the 1600s, Amsterdam stood out from these other locales as a center of settlement by people of Sephardic, or Iberian Jewish |s2cid=165686842 | issn = 1939-7941}}</ref> [[Huguenot]]s from France,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRb-P3HRuvkC&pg=PA17 |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |date=30 March 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521651141 |pages=17}}</ref> [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], [[Mennonites]], as well as Protestants from across the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Terpstra |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |title=Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation |date=23 July 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316351901}}</ref> This led to the establishment of many non-Dutch-speaking churches.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} In 1603, the Jewish received permission to practice their religion in the city. In 1639, the first synagogue was consecrated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stiefel |first=Barry |date=1 January 2011 |title=The Architectural Origins of the Great Early Modern Urban Synagogue |journal=The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=105–134 |doi=10.1093/leobaeck/ybr006 |issn=0075-8744 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Jews came to call the town "[[Jerusalem of the West]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mak |first=Geert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFXrynNBj_0C&pg=PA108 |title=Amsterdam: A brief life of the city |date=30 September 2010 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781409000853 |pages=108}}</ref>

As they became established in the city, other [[Christian denominations]] used converted Catholic chapels to conduct their own services. The oldest English-language church congregation in the world outside the United Kingdom is found at the [[Begijnhof, Amsterdam|Begijnhof]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002498262...|title=A Short historical sketch of the English Reformed Church, Bagynhof, Amsterdam : along with an account of the tercentennial celebrations held on the 1st and 3rd February, 1907}}</ref> Regular services there are still offered in English under the auspices of the [[Church of Scotland]].<ref name="englishchurch">{{Cite web |title=English Reformed Church Amsterdam |url=http://home.tiscali.nl/~t451501/ercadam/content/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124020021/http://home.tiscali.nl/~t451501/ercadam/content/history.htm |archive-date=24 January 2005 |access-date=22 May 2008}}</ref> Being Calvinists, the Huguenots soon integrated into the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], though often retaining their own congregations. Some, commonly referred to by the moniker 'Walloon', are recognizable today as they offer occasional services in French.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}

In the second half of the 17th century, Amsterdam experienced an influx of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]], Jews from [[Central Europe|Central and Eastern Europe]]. Jews often fled the [[pogrom]]s in those areas. The first Ashkenazis who arrived in Amsterdam were [[refugee]]s from the [[Khmelnytsky uprising]] occurring in Ukraine and the [[Thirty Years' War]], which devastated much of Central Europe. They not only founded their own synagogues but had a strong influence on the 'Amsterdam dialect' adding a large [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] local vocabulary.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=History of Jews in Amsterdam |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-of-jews-in-amsterdam |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref> Despite an absence of an official Jewish [[ghetto]], most Jews preferred to live in the eastern part, which used to be the centre of medieval Amsterdam. The main street of this Jewish neighbourhood was Jodenbreestraat. The neighbourhood comprised the [[Waterlooplein]] and the [[Nieuwmarkt]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Jodenbuurt Amsterdam">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdamse wijken |url=http://amsterdam.nl/stad_in_beeld/werkstukken/wijken |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125140019/http://www.amsterdam.nl/stad_in_beeld/werkstukken/wijken |archive-date=25 January 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |publisher=Municipality Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> Buildings in this neighbourhood fell into disrepair after the Second World War<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebovic |first=Matt |title=In Anne Frank's childhood neighborhood, the buildings do not forget |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/in-anne-franks-childhood-neighborhood-the-buildings-do-not-forget/ |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> a large section of the neighbourhood was demolished during the construction of the metro system. This led to riots, and as a result, the original plans for large-scale reconstruction were abandoned by the government.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duin |first=Leen van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6SKP1ss_ckC&pg=PA69 |title=The Urban Project: Architectural Intervention in Urban Areas |date=2009 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=9781586039998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PkSAQAAMAAJ |title=The Jewish Week and the American Examiner |date=12 January 1974 |publisher=Jewish Week and the American Examiner, Incorporated}}</ref> The neighbourhood was rebuilt with smaller-scale residence buildings based on its original layout.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebovic |first=Matt |title=New cultural quarter resurrects Amsterdam's Jewish past |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/new-cultural-quarter-resurrects-amsterdams-jewish-past/ |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref>

[[File:Westerkerk Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|The [[Westerkerk]] in the Centrum borough, one of Amsterdam's best-known churches]]
Catholic churches in Amsterdam have been constructed since the restoration of the episcopal hierarchy in 1853.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pope Pius IX |date=4 March 1853|editor-last=de Martinis|editor-first=Raffaele |title=Ex qua die arcano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vp0sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA158 |journal=Iuris Pontificii de Propaganda Fide: Pars Prima, Complectens Bullas, Brevia Acta S.S. A Congregationis Institutione Ad Praesens Iuxta Temporis Seriem Disposita |language=la |location=Rome |publisher=Ex Typographia Polyglotta|publication-date=1894 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=158–161 |oclc=3342505}} Translated in {{Cite book |title=Further papers regarding the relation of foreign states with the Court of Rome: presented to the House of Commons by command of Her Majesty, in pursuance of their address of June 14, 1853 |publisher=Harrison and Son |year=1853 |location=London |pages=61–65 |chapter=XIIIb: the apostolic letters of the most holy Lord Pius IX, by Divine Providence, pope, by which letters the episcopal hierarchy was re-established in Holland |oclc=80498785 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jw1DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA61}}</ref> One of the principal architects behind the city's Catholic churches, [[Pierre Cuypers|Cuypers]], was also responsible for the Amsterdam Centraal station and the {{Lang|nl|[[Rijksmuseum]]|italic=no}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maeyer |first=Jan de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VsLdTWjlnoC&pg=PA191 |title=Renaissance de L'enluminure Médiévale: Manuscrits Et Enluminures Belges Du XIXe Siègle Et Leur Contexte Européen |date=2007 |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=9789058675910 |pages=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jong |first1=Taeke M. de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHlB4n_A86cC&pg=PA118 |title=Ways to Study and Research: Urban, Architectural, and Technical Design |last2=Voordt |first2=D. J. M. van der |date=2002 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=9789040723322 |pages=118}}</ref>

In 1924, the [[Catholic Church]] hosted the [[Eucharistic congress|International Eucharistic Congress]] in Amsterdam;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirkfleet |first=C. J. |date=April 1926 |title=International Eucharistic Congresses |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=59–65 |jstor=25012268}}</ref> numerous Catholic [[prelate]]s visited the city, where festivities were held in churches and stadiums.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5cOAQAAIAAJ |title=Illinois Catholic Historical Review |date=1925 |publisher=Illinois Catholic Historical Society.}}</ref> Catholic processions on the public streets, however, were still forbidden under law at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZYEAAAAMAAJ |title=Catholic World |date=1924 |publisher=Paulist Fathers |pages=845}}</ref> Only in the 20th century was Amsterdam's relation to Catholicism normalised,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arab |first=Pooyan Tamimi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFi6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173 |title=Amplifying Islam in the European Soundscape: Religious Pluralism and Secularism in the Netherlands |date=9 February 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781474291446 |pages=173}}</ref> but despite its far larger population size, the episcopal see of the city was placed in the provincial town of [[Haarlem]].<ref name="Diocese of Haarlem">{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Haarlem |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dhaar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614173747/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dhaar.html |archive-date=14 June 2008 |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=Catholic Hierarchy}}</ref>

Historically, Amsterdam has been predominantly Christian. In 1900 Christians formed the largest [[religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (70% of the population), [[Dutch Reformed Church]] formed 45% of the city population, and the Catholic Church formed 25% of the city population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2001_factsheets_5.pdf|title=Geloven in Amsterdam|access-date=21 November 2020|archive-date=24 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724083310/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2001_factsheets_5.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> In recent times, religious demographics in Amsterdam have been changed by immigration from former colonies. [[Hinduism]] has been introduced from the Hindu diaspora from Suriname<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swamy |first=Priya |date=17 November 2017 |title=Valuing flexible citizenship: producing Surinamese Hindu citizens at a primary school in The Hague |journal=Citizenship Studies |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=1052–1066 |doi=10.1080/13621025.2017.1361905 |issn=1362-1025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and several distinct branches of Islam have been brought from various parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Avest |first1=K. H. (Ina) Ter |last2=Wingerden |first2=M. (Marjoke) Rietveld-van |date=2 September 2017 |title=Half a century of Islamic education in Dutch schools |journal=British Journal of Religious Education |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1080/01416200.2015.1128391 |issn=0141-6200 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Islam is now the largest non-Christian religion in Amsterdam.<ref name="random" /> The large community of Ghanaian immigrants has established African churches,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessel |first=Ineke van |title=Merchants, Missionaries & Migrants: 300 Years of Dutch-Ghanaian Relations |date=2002 |publisher=KIT Publishers |isbn=9789988550776 |chapter=Ghanaian churches in the Netherlands: Religion mediating a tense relationship |chapter-url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9656/ASC-1267364-025.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> often in parking garages in the [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] area.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u46fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179 |title=Religion, Ethnicity and Transnational Migration between West Africa and Europe |date=15 May 2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004271562 |pages=179}}</ref>