Editing Amphetamine (section)

===Psychological===
At normal therapeutic doses, the most common psychological side effects of amphetamine include increased [[alertness]], apprehension, [[mental concentration|concentration]], initiative, [[self-confidence]] and sociability, mood swings ([[euphoria|elated mood]] followed by mildly [[dysphoria|depressed mood]]), [[insomnia]] or [[wakefulness]], and decreased sense of fatigue.<ref name="FDA" /><ref name="Westfall" /> Less common side effects include [[anxiety (mood)|anxiety]], change in [[libido]], [[grandiosity]], [[irritability]], repetitive or [[Fixation (psychology)|obsessive]] behaviors, and restlessness;{{#tag:ref|<ref name="Libido">{{cite journal | author = Montgomery KA | title = Sexual desire disorders | journal =Psychiatry | volume = 5 | issue = 6 | pages = 50–55 |date=June 2008 | pmid = 19727285 | pmc = 2695750}}</ref><ref name="FDA" /><ref name="Westfall" /><ref name="Merck_Manual_Amphetamines">{{cite web | url = http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/special_subjects/drug_use_and_dependence/amphetamines.html | author = O'Connor PG | title = Amphetamines | website = Merck Manual for Health Care Professionals | publisher = Merck |date=February 2012 | access-date = 8 May 2012 }}</ref>|group="sources"}} these effects depend on the user's personality and current mental state.<ref name="Westfall" /> [[Amphetamine psychosis]] (e.g., [[delusion]]s and [[paranoia]]) can occur in heavy users.<ref name="FDA" /><ref name="Cochrane">{{cite journal | veditors = Shoptaw SJ, Ali R |vauthors=Shoptaw SJ, Kao U, Ling W | title = Treatment for amphetamine psychosis | journal =Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews| issue = 1 | pages = CD003026 | date = January 2009 |volume=2009 | pmid = 19160215 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD003026.pub3 |pmc=7004251 | quote=A minority of individuals who use amphetamines develop full-blown psychosis requiring care at emergency departments or psychiatric hospitals. In such cases, symptoms of amphetamine psychosis commonly include paranoid and persecutory delusions as well as auditory and visual hallucinations in the presence of extreme agitation. More common (about 18%) is for frequent amphetamine users to report psychotic symptoms that are sub-clinical and that do not require high-intensity intervention&nbsp;...<br />About 5–15% of the users who develop an amphetamine psychosis fail to recover completely (Hofmann 1983)&nbsp;...<br />Findings from one trial indicate use of antipsychotic medications effectively resolves symptoms of acute amphetamine psychosis.<br />psychotic symptoms of individuals with amphetamine psychosis may be due exclusively to heavy use of the drug or heavy use of the drug may exacerbate an underlying vulnerability to schizophrenia.}}</ref><ref name="Amphetamine-induced psychosis">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bramness JG, Gundersen ØH, Guterstam J, Rognli EB, Konstenius M, Løberg EM, Medhus S, Tanum L, Franck J | title = Amphetamine-induced psychosis—a separate diagnostic entity or primary psychosis triggered in the vulnerable? | journal =BMC Psychiatry| volume = 12 | pages = 221 | date = December 2012 | pmid = 23216941 | pmc = 3554477 | doi = 10.1186/1471-244X-12-221 | quote = In these studies, amphetamine was given in consecutively higher doses until psychosis was precipitated, often after 100–300 mg of amphetamine&nbsp;... Secondly, psychosis has been viewed as an adverse event, although rare, in children with ADHD who have been treated with amphetamine | doi-access = free | title-link = doi }}</ref> Although very rare, this psychosis can also occur at therapeutic doses during long-term therapy.<ref name="FDA" /><ref name="Amphetamine-induced psychosis" /><ref name="Stimulant Misuse">{{cite web | author = Greydanus D | title=Stimulant Misuse: Strategies to Manage a Growing Problem | type=Review Article | url=http://www.acha.org/prof_dev/ADHD_docs/ADHD_PDprogram_Article2.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103155156/http://www.acha.org/prof_dev/ADHD_docs/ADHD_PDprogram_Article2.pdf | website=American College Health Association | publisher=ACHA Professional Development Program | access-date=2 November 2013 | archive-date=3 November 2013 | page=20}}</ref> According to the FDA, "there is no systematic evidence" that stimulants produce aggressive behavior or hostility.<ref name="FDA" />

Amphetamine has also been shown to produce a [[conditioned place preference]] in humans taking therapeutic doses,<ref name="Cochrane Amphetamines ADHD" /><ref name="Human CPP">{{cite journal | vauthors = Childs E, de Wit H | title = Amphetamine-induced place preference in humans | journal =Biological Psychiatry| volume = 65 | issue = 10 | pages = 900–904 | date = May 2009 | pmid = 19111278 | pmc = 2693956 | doi = 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.016 | quote = This study demonstrates that humans, like nonhumans, prefer a place associated with amphetamine administration. These findings support the idea that subjective responses to a drug contribute to its ability to establish place conditioning.}}</ref> meaning that individuals acquire a preference for spending time in places where they have previously used amphetamine.<ref name="Human CPP" /><ref name="Addiction glossary" />