Editing Alexis de Tocqueville (section)

=== On enslavement, black people, and indigenous communities ===
Uniquely positioned at a crossroads in American history, Tocqueville's ''Democracy in America'' attempted to capture the essence of American culture and values. Although a supporter of colonialism, Tocqueville could clearly perceive the evils that black people and natives had been subjected to in the United States. Tocqueville devoted the last chapter of the first volume of ''Democracy in America'' to the question, while his travel companion [[Gustave de Beaumont]] wholly focused on slavery and its fallouts for the American nation in ''Marie or Slavery in America''. Tocqueville observes among the American races: {{blockquote|The first who attracts the eye, the first in enlightenment, in power and in happiness, is the white man, the European, man par excellence; below him appear the Negro and the Indian. These two unfortunate races have neither birth, nor face, nor language, nor mores in common; only their misfortunes look alike. Both occupy an equally inferior position in the country that they inhabit; both experience the effects of tyranny; and if their miseries are different, they can accuse the same author for them.<ref>Beginning of chapter 18 of ''Democracy in America'', "The Present and Probably Future Condition of the Three Races that Inhabit the Territory of the United States".</ref><!-- What edition, whose translation? -->}}

Tocqueville contrasted the settlers of Virginia with the middle class, religious [[Puritans]] who founded [[New England]] and analyzed the debasing influence of slavery: {{blockquote|The men sent to Virginia were seekers of gold, adventurers without resources and without character, whose turbulent and restless spirit endangered the infant colony. ... Artisans and agriculturalists arrived afterwards[,] ... hardly in any respect above the level of the inferior classes in England. No lofty views, no spiritual conception presided over the foundation of these new settlements. The colony was scarcely established when slavery was introduced; this was the capital fact which was to exercise an immense influence on the character, the laws and the whole future of the South. Slavery ... dishonors labor; it introduces idleness into society, and with idleness, ignorance and pride, luxury and distress. It enervates the powers of the mind and benumbs the activity of man. On this same English foundation there developed in the North very different characteristics.<ref>''Democracy in America'', Vintage Books, 1945, pp. 31–32.</ref>}}

Tocqueville maintained that the friction between races in America was deeper than merely the issue of slavery, even going so far as to say that discrimination against African Americans was worse in states where slavery was outlawed:{{blockquote|Whosoever has inhabited the United States must have perceived that in those parts of the Union in which the negroes are no longer slaves, they have in no wise drawn nearer to the whites. On the contrary, the prejudice of the race appears to be stronger in the States which have abolished slavery, than in those where it still exists; and nowhere is it so intolerant as in those States where servitude has never been known.<ref>''Democracy in America'', Alexis de Tocqueville, Henry Reeve; Google Books, 1899, pp. 383. [https://books.googleusercontent.com/books/content?req=AKW5QadI6HHEE2p6tSZ-oFLByHRJuH-vheuB9P5p3RwLLgGwgxOxbAlv3i6CvoqErvXyBz99HbYgxSyBIbR50SjwbTjzufcWpY8EdIJTQLlN9j4QAbtvMRbFHkWZieFlqc4hyvRNwP2OmYyzrrIwWeQwzCNZKe7PF2Xz996uP6sEoFUI1SDyNmVRRyXvE23kllDJ7kxzmwa8nxSbQI5rNb6OKxM4VQrEtZZqsmktjtfp9ffhAD89YSZKOZgIBfrnO-ddsI0ujy5h]</ref>}}

Tocqueville concluded that return of the Black population to Africa could not resolve the problem, as he writes at the end of ''Democracy in America'': {{blockquote|If the colony of [[Liberia]] were able to receive thousands of new inhabitants every year, and if the Negroes were in a state to be sent thither with advantage; if the Union were to supply the society with annual subsidies, and to transport the Negroes to Africa in government vessels, it would still be unable to counterpoise the natural increase of population among the blacks; and as it could not remove as many men in a year as are born upon its territory within that time, it could not prevent the growth of the evil which is daily increasing in the states. The Negro race will never leave those shores of the American continent to which it was brought by the passions and the vices of Europeans; and it will not disappear from the New World as long as it continues to exist. The inhabitants of the United States may retard the calamities which they apprehend, but they cannot now destroy their efficient cause.}}

In 1855, Tocqueville wrote the following text published by [[Maria Weston Chapman]] in the ''Liberty Bell: Testimony against Slavery'': {{blockquote|I do not think it is for me, a foreigner, to indicate to the United States the time, the measures, or the men by whom Slavery shall be abolished. Still, as the persevering enemy of despotism everywhere, and under all its forms, I am pained and astonished by the fact that the freest people in the world is, at the present time, almost the only one among civilized and Christian nations which yet maintains personal servitude; and this while serfdom itself is about disappearing, where it has not already disappeared, from the most degraded nations of Europe.<br><br>An old and sincere friend of America, I am uneasy at seeing Slavery retard her progress, tarnish her glory, furnish arms to her detractors, compromise the future career of the Union which is the guaranty of her safety and greatness, and point out beforehand to her, to all her enemies, the spot where they are to strike. As a man, too, I am moved at the spectacle of man's degradation by man, and I hope to see the day when the law will grant equal civil liberty to all the inhabitants of the same empire, as God accords the freedom of the will, without distinction, to the dwellers upon earth.<ref>In {{lang|fr|Oeuvres completes}}, Gallimard, T. VII, pp. 1663–1664.</ref>}}

French historian of colonialism [[Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison]] argues that Tocqueville (along with [[Jules Michelet]]) was ahead of his time in his use of the term "[[Genocide|extermination]]" to describe what was happening during the colonization of Western United States and the [[Indian removal]] period.<ref name="Negationnism">{{cite news|author=[[Olivier LeCour Grandmaison]]|title=Le négationnisme colonial|work=[[Le Monde]]|date=2 February 2005|url=http://www.ldh-toulon.net/article.php3?id_article=491|language=fr|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060228040334/http://www.ldh-toulon.net/article.php3?id_article=491|archive-date=28 February 2006}}</ref>