Editing Alcohol intoxication (section)

==== Judaism ====
[[File:The Phillip Medhurst Picture Torah 104. Lot and his daughters. Genesis cap 19 vv 31-32. Drevet.jpg|thumb|Drunken [[Lot (biblical person)|Lot]] and his daughters, from an illustrated Torah]]

In the Bible, the [[Book of Proverbs]] contains several chapters related to the negative effects of drunkenness and warns to stay away from [[Alcoholic drink|intoxicating beverages]]. The [[Book of Genesis]] refers to the use of wine by [[Lot's daughters]] to rape him. The story of [[Samson]] in the [[Book of Judges]] tells of a monk from the [[tribe of Dan|Israelite tribe of Dan]] who, as a [[Nazirite]], is prohibited from cutting his hair and drinking wine.<ref name="biblical">{{cite web |title=Matthew 1|url=https://netbible.org/|access-date=31 December 2022|website=netbible.org}}</ref> [[Proverbs 31#The words of Lemuel (31:1–9)|Proverbs 31:4]] warns against kings and other rulers drinking wine and similar alcoholic beverages, Proverbs 31:6–7 promotes giving such beverages to the perishing and wine to those whose lives are bitter as a coping mechanism against the likes of poverty and other troubles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proverbs 31: 4–7 NASB—It is not for kings, O Lemuel, It is |url=http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Proverbs+31%3A+4-7&version=NASB |website=Bible Gateway}}</ref>

In Judaism, in accordance with the biblical stance against drinking,<ref name="biblical" /> drinking wine is restricted for priests.<ref>The Talmudic decree set a schedule according to which the priests would take turns staying sober. The practice of becoming a 'biblical' monk, is discussed in a full tractate of the [[Mishna]] and Talmud. The Talmud tells of a family 'the sons of Reichab' who never drank wine, although it is not clear if this is considered good or bad.</ref> The biblical command to sanctify the [[Sabbath]] and other holidays has been interpreted as having three ceremonial meals with wine or [[grape juice]], known as ''[[Kiddush]]''.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 August 2016 |title=תעלומת הקידוש השלישי {{pipe}} רותי פויכטונגר |url=https://musaf-shabbat.com/2016/08/21/%25d7%25aa%25d7%25a2%25d7%259c%25d7%2595%25d7%259e%25d7%25aa-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a7%25d7%2599%25d7%2593%25d7%2595%25d7%25a9-%25d7%2594%25d7%25a9%25d7%259c%25d7%2599%25d7%25a9%25d7%2599-%25d7%25a8%25d7%2595%25d7%25aa%25d7%2599-%25d7%25a4%25d7%2595%25d7%2599%25d7%259b%25d7%2598%25d7%2595%25d7%25a0%25d7%2592/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=מוסף "שבת" – לתורה, הגות ספרות ואמנות |language=he-IL |archive-date=6 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206160541/https://musaf-shabbat.com/2016/08/21/%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9-%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99-%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99-%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>The [[Pharisees]], avoiding the [[Zadokites]]' temple-based rituals, had installed many ceremonies which in a way change or contradict the literal meaning of the biblical protocol. These include the ceremony of lighting candles that stay lit during the Sabbath day, eating hot food from a fire lit previously, starting the Sabbath rituals on the night before, and drinking wine with the [[Sabbath]] meal. See [http://www.verednoam.com/articles/NoamQimronSabbathLaws.pdf Qimron Sabbath Laws] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308005232/http://www.verednoam.com/articles/NoamQimronSabbathLaws.pdf |date=8 March 2021 }} Vered Noam, Department of Hebrew Culture Studies, [[Tel Aviv University]] ([http://www.brill.com/dead-sea-discoveries Dead Sea Discoveries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131190805/http://www.brill.com/dead-sea-discoveries |date=31 January 2017 }}, Brill Institute)</ref> A number of [[Jewish views on marriage|Jewish marriage ceremonies]] end with the bride and groom drinking a shared cup of wine after reciting [[Sheva Brachot|seven blessings]]; this occurs after a fasting day in some [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] traditions. It has been customary and in many cases even mandated to drink moderately so as to stay [[Sobriety|sober]], and only after the prayers are over.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Menachem |last=Posner |url=http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/581082/jewish/What-is-Judaisms-take-on-alcohol-consumption.htm |title=What is Judaism's take on alcohol consumption? |work=Chabad.org}}</ref>

During the [[Passover Seder|Seder]] on [[Passover]], there is an obligation to drink four ceremonial cups of wine while reciting the [[Haggadah]]. It has been assumed as the source of the wine-drinking ritual at communion in some Christian groups.<ref>{{cite web|date=15 November 2022|title=Was Jesus' Last Supper a Seder?|url=https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/jesus-historical-jesus/was-jesus-last-supper-a-seder/|access-date=31 December 2022|website=Biblical Archaeology Society}}</ref> During [[Purim]], there is an obligation to become intoxicated; however, as with many other decrees, this has been avoided in many communities by allowing sleep during the day as a replacement.<ref>The [[Babylonian Talmud]] says in Megillah 7b that "[[Rava (amora)|Rava]] said: A person is obligated to become intoxicated on [[Purim]] until he is unaware of the difference between 'Cursed be [[Haman (Bible)|Haman]]' and 'Blessed be [[Mordechai]].'" This is taken to mean that on the Jewish festival of Purim one is commanded to drink alcohol to the point of intoxication. See [[Yanki Tauber]]: [http://www.chabad.org/global/popup/default_cdo/aid/2814/jewish/The-Purim-Drunk.htm Are Jews actually supposed to get drunk on Purim?] Chabad.org (referring to the Talmudic tractate Megillah (7b)).</ref>

During the [[Prohibition in the United States|U.S. Prohibition era]] in the 1920s, a [[rabbi]] from the [[Reform Judaism]] movement proposed using grape juice for the ritual instead of wine. Although refuted at first, the practice became widely accepted by [[Orthodox Judaism|orthodox Jews]] as well.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.torahlab.org/doitright/using_grape_juice_for_kiddush/ |title=Using grape juice for Kiddush |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116114745/http://www.torahlab.org/doitright/using_grape_juice_for_kiddush/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |work=Torahlab website}}</ref>