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===Hydration reactions=== Some low molecular weight alcohols of industrial importance are produced by the addition of water to alkenes. Ethanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol, and ''tert''-butanol are produced by this general method. Two implementations are employed, the direct and indirect methods. The direct method avoids the formation of stable intermediates, typically using acid catalysts. In the indirect method, the alkene is converted to the [[sulfate ester]], which is subsequently hydrolyzed. The direct [[hydration reaction|hydration]] uses [[ethylene]] ([[Ethanol#Hydration|ethylene hydration]])<ref name="Lodgsdon-1994">{{cite book |author =Lodgsdon J.E. |year=1994 |chapter=Ethanol |editor=Kroschwitz J.I. |title=Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology| edition=4th |volume=9 |page=820 |location=New York |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-52677-3}}</ref> or other alkenes from [[cracking (chemistry)|cracking]] of fractions of distilled [[crude oil]]. Hydration is also used industrially to produce the diol [[ethylene glycol]] from [[ethylene oxide]].
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