Editing Action (firearms) (section)

====Bolt action====
[[File:Open bolt action.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Barreled action for bolt-action rifle]]
{{Main|Bolt action}}
In '''bolt-action''' firearms, the opening and closing of the breech is operated by direct manual manipulation of the [[bolt (firearms)|bolt]] via a protruding [[cocking handle|bolt handle]].

===== Rotating bolt action =====
Most bolt-actions utilize a rotating bolt ("turn-pull") design, where the bolt handle must be rotated upwards for unlocking before the bolt can be pulled back to opening the breech and eject any spent cartridge, and must be rotated back down for locking after the bolt closes the breech. The three predominant rotating bolt-action systems are the [[Gewehr 98#M98 controlled-feed bolt-action system|Mauser]], [[Lee–Enfield]], and [[Mosin–Nagant]] systems, with the Mauser system emerging into the mainstream as the most widely used rotating bolt-action design.

===== Straight-pull action =====
There are also straight pull bolt-action systems that use complex bolt head designs to facilitate locking instead of needing to rotate the bolt handle every time.[[File:M1895 US Navy Straight Pull Rifle.jpg|thumb|250px|U.S. [[M1895 Lee Navy]] straight-pull rifle]]
In the Mauser-style [[bolt action#Rotating bolt|turn-bolt]] action,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GhABWdIx8bk| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/GhABWdIx8bk| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|title=Best Straight Pull Rifle Actions – Blaser, Merkel Helix, Heym, Browning Acera|last=USOG|date=27 November 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=spJQapFXEO8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/spJQapFXEO8| archive-date=2021-11-14 | url-status=live|title=Straight-Pull Rifle Test|last=Fieldsports Channel|date=7 December 2016|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> the [[cocking handle|bolt handle]] must be rotated upward, pull rearward, pushed forward, and finally rotated back downward into lock.  In a straight pull bolt-action, the bolt can be cycled without rotating, hence reducing the required range of motion by the shooter from four movements to two, with the goal of increasing the [[rate of fire]].  The [[Ross rifle|Ross]] and [[Schmidt–Rubin]] rifles load via [[stripper clip]]s, albeit of an unusual [[paperboard]] and steel design in the Schmidt–Rubin rifle, while the Mannlicher uses [[Clip (ammunition)#En bloc|en-bloc clip]]s.  The Schmidt–Rubin series, which culminated in the [[K31]], are also known for being among the most accurate military [[service rifle]]s ever made.  Yet another variant of the straight pull bolt-action, of which the [[M1895 Lee Navy]] is an example, is a camming action in which pulling the bolt handle causes the bolt to rock, freeing a stud from the receiver and unlocking the bolt.

In 1993, the German firearms 
company [[Blaser]], introduced the [[Blaser R93]], a new straight pull bolt-action rifle where locking is achieved by a series of concentric "claws" that protrude/retract from the bolthead, a design that is referred to as ''Radialbundverschluss'' ("radial connection"). As of 2017 the Rifle Shooter magazine<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-15 |title=Straight pull rifles - in depth analysis of three popular straight pulls |url=https://gundog-journal.com/article/straight-pull-rifles-in-depth-analysis-of-three-popular-straight-pulls |access-date=2023-05-15 |website=Rifle Shooter |language=en}}</ref> listed its successor [[Blaser R8]] as one of the three most popular straight pull bolt-action together with [[Merkel (firearms manufacturer)|Merkel]] Helix<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sporting-rifle.com/reviews/merkel-rx-helix-review/ |title=Merkel RX Helix Review {{!}} Sporting Rifle magazine |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108045609/https://www.sporting-rifle.com/reviews/merkel-rx-helix-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Browning Arms Company|Browning]] Maral.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gunmart.net/gun-reviews/firearms/rifles/browning_maral |title=Browning Maral {{!}} Straight-Pull Rifles Reviews {{!}} Gun Mart |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106072021/https://www.gunmart.net/gun-reviews/firearms/rifles/browning_maral |url-status=live }}</ref> Some other notable modern straight pull bolt-action rifles are made by [[Chapuis Armes|Chapuis]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/04/11/chapuis-armes-rols-new-straight-pull-bolt-action-rifle/ |title=Chapuis Armes "ROLS": New Straight Pull Bolt Action Rifle – The Firearm BlogThe Firearm Blog |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102180234/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/04/11/chapuis-armes-rols-new-straight-pull-bolt-action-rifle/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Heym (gun manufacturer)|Heym]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/rifle/heym-sr30-straight-pull-rifle-review |title=Heym SR30 straight-pull rifle review review – Shooting UK |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101233039/https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/rifle/heym-sr30-straight-pull-rifle-review |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lynx Rifles|Lynx]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sporting-rifle.com/reviews/lynx-94-review/ |title=Lynx 94 Review {{!}} Sporting Rifle magazine |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026135251/https://www.sporting-rifle.com/reviews/lynx-94-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rößler (firearms manufacturer)|Rößler]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/rifle/titan-16-straight-pull-rifle |title=Titan 16 straight-pull rifle review – Shooting UK |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102024329/https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/rifle/titan-16-straight-pull-rifle |url-status=live }}</ref> Strasser,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/shotgun/strasser-rs-solo |title=Strasser RS Solo review – Shooting UK |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2020-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102150455/https://www.shootinguk.co.uk/reviews/shotgun/strasser-rs-solo |url-status=live }}</ref> and Steel Action.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/06/07/german-straight-pull-bolt-action-rifles-steel-action/ |title=German Straight Pull Bolt Action Rifles by Steel Action – The Firearm BlogThe Firearm Blog |access-date=2020-10-30 |archive-date=2021-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030175810/https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2017/06/07/german-straight-pull-bolt-action-rifles-steel-action/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the sport of [[biathlon]], because shooting speed is an important performance factor and semi-automatic guns are illegal for race use, straight pull bolt-actions are quite common, and are used almost exclusively on the [[Biathlon World Cup]]. The first company to make straight pull bolt-actions for [[.22 caliber]] was [[J. G. Anschütz]]; the action is specifically the straight-pull [[ball bearing]]-lock action, which features spring-loaded ball bearings on the side of the bolt which lock into a groove inside the bolt's housing. With the new design came a new dry-fire method; instead of the bolt being turned up slightly, the action is locked back to catch the firing pin.