Editing 1964 New York World's Fair (section)

=== Pavilions ===
{{Main|List of 1964 New York World's Fair pavilions}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width = 250
| background color =
| image1 = US NY NYC 1964-65 Worlds Fair Bell System Pavilion (processed 05-1965) 04 CE Family Coll (51904197970).jpg|
| alt1 = A flat, white, rectangular, elongated building and a tall, cylindrical column on the far shore of a small lake. 
| caption1 = The Bell System Pavilion
| image2 = Wisconsin Pavilion, Neillsville.jpg
| alt2 = A round, bandstand-like structure with a pointed golden roof and a radio antenna that bears the word "WISCONSIN" in red letters placed along its length. 
| caption2 = The [[Wisconsin Pavilion]], which has since been relocated to [[Neillsville, Wisconsin]]
}}

Each section of the fair was designed in several architectural styles,<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22_Phillips">{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=McCandlish |date=April 22, 1964 |title=250,000 Expected; Huge Security Force to Guard Johnson—Parade Is Planned |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/250000-expected-huge-security-force-to-guard-johnsonparade-is.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531214835/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/250000-expected-huge-security-force-to-guard-johnsonparade-is.html |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel p. 99">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=99}}</ref><ref name="Barry 1964">{{cite news |last=Barry |first=Edward |date=July 26, 1964 |title=The Wonderful World of Art: A Gigantic Work of Art—That's New York's World's Fair |work=Chicago Tribune |page=N4 |issn=1085-6706 |id={{ProQuest|179539708}}}}</ref> and many of the pavilions were designed in a [[Space Age]] style.<ref name="p426610123">{{Cite news |last=Rohan |first=Virginia |date=April 21, 2009 |title=A Fair to Remember: 45 Years Ago in Queens, We Saw the Future |work=The Record |page=F.1 |id={{ProQuest|426610123}}}}</ref> Some pavilions used experimental designs; for example, the [[Bell System]] Pavilion was supported by massive cantilevers, while the [[IBM]] Pavilion was shaped like a giant egg.<ref>{{cite news |date=February 2, 1964 |title=New Techniques Are Found Scarce In Fair Buildings |work=The New York Times |page=R1 |issn=0362-4331 |id={{ProQuest|115672730}}}}</ref> Most of the structures were designed so they could easily be demolished after the fair and rebuilt elsewhere.<ref name="Hornaday 1965">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=April 23, 1965 |title=What Happens When the Fair Is Over?: Demolition Set Buildings to Remain Monorail Considered Space Subsidy Sought |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=5 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510706863}}}}</ref> Any person or entity who could afford to rent the land and construct a pavilion could rent exhibition space at the fair.<ref name="Beckerman 2024 c752" /><ref name="Tirella p. 205">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=205}}</ref> Thus, the space was dominated by large corporations.<ref name="Beckerman 2024 c752">{{cite web |last=Beckerman |first=Jim |date=April 9, 2024 |title=History of Waffles: How the NY World's Fair Novelty Became Breakfast |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2024/04/09/where-did-waffles-come-from-when-how-invented/72989686007/ |access-date=May 27, 2024 |website=Bergen Record |archive-date=May 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527163716/https://www.northjersey.com/story/entertainment/dining/2024/04/09/where-did-waffles-come-from-when-how-invented/72989686007/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Private companies spent a combined $300&nbsp;million on their pavilions.<ref name="Samuel p. 98">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=98}}</ref> The [[Big Three (automobile manufacturers)|Big Three]] car manufacturers—[[Chrysler]], [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], and [[General Motors]]—alone spent a combined $110&nbsp;million on attractions such as Chrysler's artificial islands, Ford's Magic Skyway, and General Motors' [[Futurama (New York World's Fair)|Futurama car ride]].<ref name=nyt-1964-04-05/>

Twenty-three state pavilions were built.<ref name="Hornaday 1963a">{{cite news |last=Hornaday |first=Mary |date=September 23, 1963 |title=New York World's Fair Takes Tangible Form: One Pavilion Completed |work=The Christian Science Monitor |page=9 |issn=0882-7729 |id={{ProQuest|510487114}}}}</ref><ref name="Tirella p. 47">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=47}}</ref> The fair included exhibits from 24 U.S. states;<ref name="park">{{cite web |title=Flushing Meadows Corona Park: World's Fair Playground |url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 |publisher=[[New York City Department of Parks and Recreation]] |access-date=April 18, 2017 |archive-date=April 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419101516/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/flushing-meadows-corona-park/highlights/12712 |url-status=live }}</ref> these were [[Alaska]], [[Florida]], [[Hawaii]], [[Illinois]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maryland]], [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], [[Montana]], [[New Jersey]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Oklahoma]], [[Tennessee]], [[Texas]], [[West Virginia]], [[Wisconsin]], and the six states in [[New England]].<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> New York City had its own pavilion, as did the neighborhood of [[Hollywood, Los Angeles]], California.<ref name="Stern (1995) p. 1039">{{harvnb|Stern|Mellins|Fishman|1995|ps=.|p=1039}}</ref> Nineteen of the state pavilions were in the Federal and State Area,<ref name="Samuel p. 128">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=128}}</ref> and three of the other four state pavilions were clustered around Meadow Lake at the southern end of the fair.<ref name="Hornaday 1963a" /> None of the state governments had to pay rent for the land,<ref name="Samuel p. 128" /><ref name="The Washington Post, Times Herald 1963">{{cite news |date=July 25, 1963 |title=20 States Balk at World's Fair |work=The Washington Post, Times Herald |page=F8 |issn=0190-8286 |id={{ProQuest|141780100}}}}</ref> but they had to fund the buildings. Twenty states and [[Washington, D.C.]], did not pay for exhibits at the fair.<ref name="The Washington Post, Times Herald 1963" />

There were 45 pavilions in the International Area, most of which featured exhibits from foreign countries.<ref name="Alpert p. 22" /> Individual exhibits were presented by 66 nations,<ref name="nyt-1964-04-22" /><ref name="Samuel p. 149" /> including the United States, whose pavilion was in the Federal and State Area.<ref name="Samuel p. 124">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=124}}</ref> If nations that were represented only by one city or region are included,{{Efn|For example, West Germany, which was represented by West Berlin}} the fair had attractions from 80 countries.<ref name="Alpert p. 22" /><ref name="Tirella p. 202">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|page=202}}</ref> Foreign nations rented land from the WFC,<ref name="Nicoletta p. 503">{{harvnb|Nicoletta|2010|ps=.|page=503}}</ref> and paid for staff lodgings, food, and other expenses.<ref name="nyt-1964-04-20">{{Cite news |last=Trumbull |first=Robert |date=April 20, 1964 |title=Fair Personnel Lead Double Life; Foreign Pavilions Contrast Sharply With New York |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/20/archives/fair-personnel-lead-double-life-foreign-pavilions-contrast-sharply.html |access-date=May 31, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531210500/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/20/archives/fair-personnel-lead-double-life-foreign-pavilions-contrast-sharply.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Many nations from Asia, Africa, and Central and South America, though relatively few from Europe, exhibited at the fair.<ref name="nyt-1962-12-02" /><ref name="Gray 1964">{{Cite news |last=Gray |first=Beverly |date=January 25, 1964 |title=So It Will Soon Be Heigh-Ho, Everyone, Come to the New York World's Fair! |work=The Globe and Mail |page=21 |id={{ProQuest|1283415626}}}}</ref><ref name="Tirella p. 202" /> Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, France, and Italy, boycotted the fair because the BIE had not approved it.<ref name="Caro p. 1094" /><ref>{{cite magazine |date=February 22, 1961 |title=No Endorsement by Int'l Expositions Bureau Hits N.Y. 1964 World's Fair |magazine=Variety |page=1 |volume=221 |issue=13 |id={{ProQuest|1032412420}} |postscript=none}}; {{Cite news |last=Freeman |first=Ira Henry |date=February 18, 1961 |title=3 Nations Decline to Join Fair Here; Britain, France and Italy Cite Exhibit Treaty – Private Shows Are Possible |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/18/archives/3-nations-decline-to-join-fair-here-britain-france-and-italy-cite.html |access-date=May 24, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524004147/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/02/18/archives/3-nations-decline-to-join-fair-here-britain-france-and-italy-cite.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of a lack of participation from BIE members, only six major countries—Egypt, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, and Pakistan—had official exhibits at the fair.<ref name="Caro p. 1094" /> Some BIE member countries hosted unofficial exhibits or were represented by those of private companies,<ref>{{cite news |last=Higgins |first=Marguerite |date=March 3, 1961 |title=20 Nations to Have Pavilions at Fair |work=New York Herald Tribune |page=6 |issn=1941-0646 |id={{ProQuest|1336636161}}}}</ref><ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 44">{{harvnb|Newsweek|1964a|page=44|ps=.}}</ref> and several countries were represented solely by an industry exhibit.<ref name="Lane 1963" /> Other countries were represented by regional pavilions, such as those for the Caribbean and Africa.<ref name="Tirella pp. 202–203">{{harvnb|Tirella|2013|ps=.|pages=202–203}}</ref> Many of the international pavilions sold merchandise.<ref name="Samuel pp. 104–105">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=104–105}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Pavilions to Sell Unusual Wares; Items From Many Lands Are Available for Shoppers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/pavilions-to-sell-unusual-wares-items-from-many-lands-are-available.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |postscript=none |archive-date=June 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608142456/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/pavilions-to-sell-unusual-wares-items-from-many-lands-are-available.html |url-status=live }}; {{Cite book |last=Carlton |first=Helen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |title=A Bazaar of Bizarre Bargains |date=July 17, 1964 |publisher=Time Inc |page=18 |issn=0024-3019 |access-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603151508/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA18 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Industrial Area had 43 pavilions,<ref name="Alpert p. 22">{{harvnb|Alpert|1964|ps=.|page=22}}</ref> representing nearly 350 American companies.<ref name="Newsweek 1964a p. 43">{{harvnb|Newsweek|1964a|page=43|ps=.}}</ref> Most of the companies were consolidated within four exhibit buildings, though about 36 companies had their own pavilions.<ref name="Samuel p. 94"/> Corporations rented land from the WFC, while religious organizations were not required to pay for their space.<ref name="Nicoletta p. 503" /> Large firms such as [[Bell Telephone Company]], [[DuPont]], IBM, [[Kodak]], [[RCA]], [[The Travelers Companies]], and [[US Royal Tires]] participated.<ref name="Tirella p. 47" /><ref>{{cite news |last=Schmedel |first=Scott R. |date=May 9, 1962 |title=GM Plans Costliest Pavilion for New York World's Fair of '64–65: Company Undecided on Contents; Fair Officials Hope the Plan Will Spur Leasing of Space |work=The Wall Street Journal |page=9 |issn=0099-9660 |id={{ProQuest|132775520}}}}</ref> The 1964 fair included only a few companies in the food, chemical, tobacco, cosmetic, or pharmaceutical industries.<ref name="nyt-1963-09-09" /> Transportation companies, including the Big Three car makers,<ref name="Tirella p. 47" /><ref name="Wood pp. 10–11">{{harvnb|Wood|1964|ps=.|pages=10–11}}</ref><ref name=nyt-1964-04-05/> displayed products in the Transportation Area of the fairground.<ref name="Robbins 2014 m690" /> Several of the industry pavilions offered free merchandise or other sponsorships,<ref name="nyt-1964-08-16">{{Cite news |date=August 16, 1964 |title=Advertising: Making Friends at the Fair; Some Concerns Get Much Publicity at Low Cost |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/16/archives/advertising-making-friends-at-the-fair-some-concerns-get-much.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603192316/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/16/archives/advertising-making-friends-at-the-fair-some-concerns-get-much.html |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Samuel pp. 101–102">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|pages=101–102}}</ref> which often attracted customers.<ref name="Schmedel 1964" /> Moses provided about {{Convert|7|acre}} of land for religious groups and invited every major sect of [[Christianity]] to the fair.<ref name="Samuel p. 21">{{harvnb|Samuel|2007|ps=.|page=21}}</ref> Eight religious pavilions were built,<ref name="nyt-1964-04-224">{{Cite news |date=April 22, 1964 |title=Religion Present Throughout Fair; 8 Pavilions Add Depth to Spirit of Carnival |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/religion-present-throughout-fair-8-pavilions-add-depth-to-spirit-of.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215825/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/archives/religion-present-throughout-fair-8-pavilions-add-depth-to-spirit-of.html |url-status=live }}</ref> each of which was staffed by volunteers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 20, 1964 |title=Church Pavilions Use Volunteers; 250 Serving in 8 Exhibits at Fair in Leisure Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/20/archives/church-pavilions-use-volunteers-250-serving-in-8-exhibits-at-fair.html |access-date=May 30, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530215826/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/20/archives/church-pavilions-use-volunteers-250-serving-in-8-exhibits-at-fair.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Some exhibits were planned but never built, such as the Soviet and Israel pavilions, but were displayed on official maps, causing confusion among visitors.<ref name="nyt-1964-08-11">{{Cite news |date=August 11, 1964 |title=Visitors at the Fair Seek Sights Not to Be Seen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/11/archives/visitors-at-the-fair-seek-sights-not-to-be-seen.html |access-date=June 3, 2024 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603174958/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/11/archives/visitors-at-the-fair-seek-sights-not-to-be-seen.html |url-status=live }}</ref>