Editing Zine (section)

== 1990s and riot grrrl ==
The [[riot grrrl]] movement emerged from the DIY Punk subculture in tandem with the American era of [[third-wave feminism]], and used the consciousness-raising method of organizing and communication.<ref name="Girl Zines">{{cite book|title=Girl Zines: making media, doing feminism|last1=Piepmeier|first1=Alison|date=2009|publisher=[[New York University Press]]|isbn=978-0814767528|location=New York, N.Y.|oclc=326484782}}</ref><ref>[http://web.a.ebscohost.com.nhcproxy.mnpals.net/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=3&sid=0a2d728d-44c7-4147-8bb0-683db44b0cf5%40sessionmgr4008&hid=4204] {{dead link|date=February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rachelyon1.files.wordpress.com/2015/01/third-wave-feminism.pdf|title=Third-wave feminism|website=Rachelyon1.files.wordpress.com|access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> As feminist documents, they follow a longer legacy of feminist and women's self-publication that includes [[scrapbooking]], periodicals and health publications, allowing women to circulate ideas that would not otherwise be published.<ref name="Girl Zines" /> The American publication ''Bikini Kill'' (1990) introduced the Riot Grrrl Manifesto in their second issue as a way of establishing space.<ref name=":3" /> Zinesters Erika Reinstein and May Summer founded the Riot Grrrl Press to serve as a zine distribution network that would allow riot grrrls to "express themselves and reach large audiences without having to rely on the mainstream press".<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dunn|first1=Kevin|last2=Farnsworth|first2=May Summer|year=2012|title="We Are The Revolution": Riot Grrrl Press, Girl Empowerment, and DIY Self-publishing|journal=Women's Studies|volume=41|issue=136–137|pages=142, 147, 150|doi=10.1080/00497878.2012.636334|s2cid=144211678}}</ref>

{{Quote box
 |quote  = "BECAUSE we girls want to create mediums that speak to US. We are tired of boy band after boy band, boy zine after boy zine, boy punk after boy punk after boy . . .
BECAUSE in every form of media I see us/myself slapped, decapitated, laughed at, trivialized, pushed, ignored, stereotyped, kicked, scorned, molested, silenced, invalidated, knifed, shot, choked, and killed ...
BECAUSE every time we pick up a pen, or an instrument, or get anything done, we are creating the revolution. We ARE the revolution." |author =  Erika Reinstein
 |source = Fantastic Fanzine No. 2
 |width  = 80%
 |align  = center
}}

Women use this grassroots medium to discuss their personal lived experiences, and themes including body image, sexuality, gender norms, and violence to express anger, and reclaim/refigure femininity.<ref name="Girl Zines" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sinor|first1=Jennifer|year=2003|title=Another Form of Crying: Girl Zines as Life Writing|journal=Prose Studies: History, Theory, Criticism|volume=26|issue=1–2|page=246|doi=10.1080/0144035032000235909|s2cid=161495522}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Storytelling/Narrative|last=Stone-Mediatore|first=Shari|publisher=Oxford Handbooks Online|year=2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Zines in third space: radical cooperation and borderlands rhetoric|last1=Licona|first1=Adela|date=2012|publisher=[[State University of New York Press]]|isbn=978-1438443720|location=Albany, N.Y.|page=8}}</ref> Scholar and zinester Mimi Thi Nguyen notes that these norms unequally burdened riot grrrls of color with allowing white riot grrrls access to their personal experiences, an act which in itself was supposed to address systemic racism.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nguyen|first1=Mimi Thi|date=12 December 2012|title=Riot Grrrl, Race, and Revival|journal=Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory|volume=22|issue=2–3|pages=173–196|doi=10.1080/0740770X.2012.721082|s2cid=144676874}}</ref>

[[Bust (magazine)|BUST]] - "The voice of the new world order" was created by Debbie Stoller, Laurie Hanzel and Marcelle Karp in 1993 to propose an alternate to the popular mainstream magazines [[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] and [[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]].<ref name=":3" /> Additional zines following this path are Shocking Pink (1981–82, 1987–92), Jigsaw (1988– ), Not Your Bitch 1989–1992 (Gypsy X, ed.) [[Bikini Kill]] (1990), [[Girl Germs]] (1990), Bamboo Girl (1995– ), [[Bitch (magazine)|BITCH Magazine]] (1996– ), [[Hip Mama]] (1997– ), Kitten Scratches (1999) and [[ROCKRGRL]] (1995–2005).

In the mid-1990s, zines were also published on the Internet as [[online magazine|e-zines]].<ref name="oren & press 2019">{{cite book |first1=Tasha | last1=Oren | first2=Andrea | last2=Press | date=2019-05-29 | title=The Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Feminism | url= |location=United Kingdom |publisher=[[Routledge]] |page= |isbn=9781138845114 }}</ref> Websites such as [[Gurl.com]] and [[ChickClick]] were created out of dissatisfaction of media available to women and parodied content found in mainstream [[teen magazine|teen]] and women's magazines.<ref name="nytimes 1999-05-09">{{cite news | first=Eric V. | last=Copage | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/09/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-on-line-girls-just-want-to.html | title=NEIGHBORHOOD REPORT: NEW YORK ON LINE; Girls Just Want To ... | work=[[The New York Times]] | date=1999-05-09 | accessdate=2021-06-26 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917173422/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/09/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-on-line-girls-just-want-to.html | archivedate=September 17, 2017 }}</ref><ref name="isd 2000-04-18">{{cite news | first=Shar | last=Macantangay | url=https://www.iowastatedaily.com/chicks-click-their-way-through-the-internet/article_9a1a49df-0b02-509f-ba75-bca5f8c9c4bb.html | title=Chicks click their way through the Internet | work=[[Iowa State Daily]] | date=2000-04-18 | accessdate=2021-07-10 | archive-date=May 3, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503095341/http://www.iowastatedaily.com/chicks-click-their-way-through-the-internet/article_9a1a49df-0b02-509f-ba75-bca5f8c9c4bb.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Both Gurl.com and ChickClick had a message board and free web hosting services, where users could also create and contribute their own content, which in turn created a reciprocal relationship where women could also be seen as creators rather than consumers.<ref name="oren & press 2019"/><ref name="feenberg 2004">{{cite book |first=Andrew | last=Feenberg | date=2004-07-19 |title=Community in the Digital Age: Philosophy and Practice |contributor-first=Leslie Regan  |contributor-last=Shade | contribution=Gender and the Commodification of Community |url= |location=Maryland |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |pages=151–160 |isbn=9780742529595}}</ref>{{rp|154}}

=== Commercialization ===
Starting in this decade{{which|date=December 2024}}, multinational companies started appropriating and commodifying zines and DIY culture.<ref name=":3" /> Their faux zines created a commercialized [[Hipster (contemporary subculture)|''hipster'']] lifestyle. By late in the decade, independent zinesters were accused of "selling out" to make a profit.<ref name=":3" />