Editing Yankee (section)

==Contemporary uses==
===In the United States===
The term ''Yankee'' can have many different meanings within the United States that are contextually and geographically dependent. Traditionally, ''Yankee'' was most often used to refer to a New Englander descended from the settlers of the region, thus often suggesting Puritanism and thrifty values.<ref>Bushman, (1967)</ref> By the mid-20th century, some speakers applied the word to any American inhabiting the area north of the [[Mason–Dixon Line]], though usually with a specific focus still on New England. ''New England Yankee'' might be used to differentiate.<ref>David Lauderdale [https://web.archive.org/web/20101226172934/http://www.islandpacket.com/2010/12/23/1489118/a-white-christmas-so-close-but.html A white Christmas – so close, but yet so far]. islandpacket.com (2010-12-23)</ref> However, within New England itself, the term still refers more specifically to old-stock New Englanders of English descent. For example:

{{blockquote|Certainly the Irish have for years complained of Yankee discrimination against them.|William F. Whyte<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Whyte|first1=William F.|author-link=William Foote Whyte|title=Race Conflicts in the North End of Boston|journal=The New England Quarterly|date=December 1939|volume=12|issue=4|pages=623–642|doi=10.2307/360446|jstor=360446}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|There were no civil rights groups then. Even the Federal Government was controlled by bigoted Yankees and Irish who banded together against the Italian immigrant.|Fred Langone<ref>{{cite book|last1=Langone|first1=Fred|author-link=Frederick C. Langone|title=The North End: Where It All Began|publisher=Post-Gazette, American Independence Edition|location=Boston|date=1994|page=3}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|The one anomaly of this era was the election of Yankee Republican Leverett Saltonstall as governor in 1938, and even then Saltonstall jokingly attributed his high vote totals in Irish districts to his 'South Boston face'.|Stephen Puleo<ref>{{cite book|last1=Puleo|first1=Stephen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jET-HIcybREC&pg=PA185|page=185|title=The Boston Italians|date=2007|publisher=Beacon Press|location=Boston|isbn=9780807050361}}</ref>}}

In the Southern United States, the term is used in derisive reference to any Northerner, especially one who has migrated to the South and maintains derisive attitudes towards Southerners and the Southern way of life. Alabama lawyer and author Daniel Robinson Hundley describes the Yankee as such in ''Social Relations in Our Southern States'': 
<blockquote>Yankee with all these is looked upon usually as a term of reproach—signifying a shrewd, sharp, chaffering, oily-tongued, soft-sawdering, inquisitive, money-making, money-saving, and money-worshipping individual, who hails from Down East, and who is presumed to have no where else on the Globe a permanent local habitation, however ubiquitous he may be in his travels and pursuits.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hundley|first=Daniel|url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/hundley/hundley.html|title=Social Relations in Our Southern States|year=1860|pages=130}}</ref></blockquote>
Senator [[J. William Fulbright]] of Arkansas pointed out as late as 1966, "The very word 'Yankee' still wakens in Southern minds historical memories of defeat and humiliation, of the [[Atlanta Campaign|burning of Atlanta]] and [[Sherman's March to the Sea]], or of an ancestral farmhouse burned by [[Quantrill's Raiders]]".<ref>Fulbright's statement of March 7, 1966, quoted in Randall Bennett Woods, "Dixie's Dove: J. William Fulbright, The Vietnam War and the American South," ''The Journal of Southern History,'' vol. 60, no. 3 (Aug., 1994), p. 548.</ref> [[Ambrose Bierce]] defines the term in ''[[The Devil's Dictionary]]'' as: "In Europe, an American. In the Northern States of our Union, a New Englander. In the Southern States the word is unknown. (See DAMNYANK.)"

[[E. B. White]] humorously draws his own distinctions:

{{poemquote|To foreigners, a Yankee is an American.
To Americans, a Yankee is a Northerner.
To Northerners, a Yankee is an Easterner.
To Easterners, a Yankee is a New Englander.
To New Englanders, a Yankee is a Vermonter.
And in Vermont, a Yankee is somebody who eats pie for breakfast.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/yankee/|title=Yankee|date=2012-11-19|work=National Geographic Society|access-date=2018-09-23|language=en}}</ref>}}

Major League Baseball's [[New York Yankees]] acquired the name from journalists after the team was enfranchised in {{mlby|1903}}, though they were officially known as the Highlanders until {{mlby|1913}}. The regional [[Yankees–Red Sox rivalry]] can make the utterance of the term "Yankee" unwelcome to some fans in New England, especially to the most dedicated Red Sox fans living in the northeastern United States.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/baseball/playoffs/2004-10-20-yanks-sox-rivalry_x.htm |title=Red Sox-Yankees is baseball's ultimate rivalry |last1=Bodley |first1=Hal |date=October 20, 2004 |newspaper=USAToday.com }}</ref>

The term ''[[Swamp Yankee]]'' is sometimes used in rural Rhode Island, Connecticut, and southeastern Massachusetts to refer to Protestant farmers of moderate means and their descendants, although it is often regarded as a derogatory term.<ref name=ruth/> Scholars note that the famous Yankee "twang" survives mainly in the hill towns of interior New England, though it is disappearing even there.<ref>Fisher, ''Albion's Seed'' p. 62; Edward Eggleston, ''The Transit of Civilization from England to the U.S. in the Seventeenth Century''. (1901) p. 110; Fleser (1962)</ref>

Mark Twain's 1889 novel ''[[A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court]]'' popularized the word as a nickname for residents of Connecticut, and Connecticut Air National Guard unit [[103d Airlift Wing]] is nicknamed "The Flying Yankees."

===In other countries===
[[File:Yankee go home Liverpool.jpg|thumb|"Yankee, go home", anti-American banner in [[Liverpool]], United Kingdom]]
The shortened form ''Yank'' is used as a derogatory, pejorative, playful, or colloquial term for Americans in Britain,<ref>David Reynolds, ''Rich relations: the American occupation of Britain, 1942-1945'' (1995)</ref> Australia,<ref>Eli Daniel Potts, and Annette Potts, ''Yanks Down Under, 1941-45: The American Impact on Australia'' (1985).</ref> Canada,<ref>J. L. Granatstein, ''Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism'' (1997)</ref> South Africa,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/hippies-muslims-and-yanks-march-against-bush-109451|title=Hippies, Muslims and Yanks march against Bush|website=IOL News|agency=South African Press Association|date=9 July 2003|language=en}}</ref> Ireland,<ref>Mary Pat Kelly, ''Home Away from Home: The Yanks in Ireland'' (1995)</ref> and New Zealand.<ref>Harry Bioletti, ''The Yanks are Coming: The American Invasion of New Zealand, 1942-1944'' (1989)</ref> The full ''Yankee'' may be considered mildly derogatory, depending on the country.<ref>John F. Turner and Edward F. Hale, eds. ''Yanks Are Coming: GIs in Britain in WWII'' (1983)</ref>  The Spanish variation ''yanqui'' is used in Latin American Spanish,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/yanqui |title=Definition of YANQUI |website=merriam-webster.com |language=en |access-date=2019-12-22}}</ref> often derogatorily.<ref>{{cite news| title=Opinion — Why They Paint 'Yanqui Go Home' | newspaper=The New York Times | date=30 June 1985 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/30/opinion/why-they-paint-yanqui-go-home.html|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Venezuelan Spanish has the word {{lang|es|pitiyanqui}} derived around 1940 from ''petit yankee'' or ''petit yanqui'',<ref>{{cite news| title=Venezuela's New Little Insult: 'Pitiyanqui' |first=Simon|last=Romero| newspaper=The New York Times | date=6 September 2008 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/06/world/americas/06venez.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516124529/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/06/world/americas/06venez.html|archive-date=16 May 2023}}</ref> a derogatory term for those who profess an exaggerated and often ridiculous admiration for anything from the United States.

In Australia, the term ''seppo'', shortened from traditional [[rhyming slang]] ''yank'' ==> ''septic tank'', is sometimes used as a pejorative reference to Americans.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Burridge | first1 = Kate | last2= Manns | first2 =  Howard|title=Get yer hand off it, mate, Australian slang isn't dying |url=https://lens.monash.edu/@howard-manns/2018/01/24/1303584/get-yer-hand-off-it-mate-australian-slang-isnt-dying |website=Lens |publisher=[[Monash University]] | date= 25 January 2018 | author1-link = Kate Burridge}}</ref>

In Finland, the word ''jenkki'' is sometimes used to refer to any American citizen, and ''Jenkkilä'' or ''Jenkit'' refers to the United States itself. It is not considered offensive or anti-American, but rather a colloquial expression. In Sweden, the word ''jänkare'' is a derivative of Yankee that is used to refer to both American citizens and classic American cars from the 1950s that are popular in rural Sweden.<ref>[http://www.h-net.msu.edu/gateways/migration/threads/identity/disc-southernS96.html Comments on H-South by Seppo K J Tamminen]. h-net.msu.edu</ref>

====Japan====
[[File:ヤンキー.jpg|thumb|A man dressed as a 1990s Japanese ''yankī'' (2015)]]
In the late 19th century, the Japanese were called "the Yankees of the East" in praise of their industriousness and drive to modernization.<ref>{{cite book | first=William Eleroy | last=Curtis | author-link=William Eleroy Curtis | title=The Yankees of the East, Sketches of Modern Japan|publisher=Stone & Kimball| location=New York | year=1896|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSULAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> In Japan, the term {{Nihongo|''yankī''|ヤンキー}} has been used since the late 1970s to refer to a type of delinquent youth associated with motorcycle gangs and frequently sporting dyed blond hair.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Asahi |first1=Yoshiyuki |last2=Usami |first2=Mayumi |last3=Inoue |first3=Fumio |title=Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics |date=4 April 2022 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-1-5015-0147-0 |page=443 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIlnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA443 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Maynard |first1=Senko K. |title=Exploring the Self, Subjectivity, and Character across Japanese and Translation Texts |date=17 January 2022 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-50586-5 |page=205 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_xZEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA205 |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://dictionary.goo.ne.jp/leaf/jn2/223508/m0u/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC/ Daijirin dictionary], [http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8&p=ヤンキー&stype=0&dtype=0 Yahoo! Dictionary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804061906/http://dic.yahoo.co.jp/dsearch?enc=UTF-8 |date=2009-08-04 }}</ref>

====South Korea====
Around the [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|American occupation of Korea]] and the [[Korean War]] periods, Korean black markets that sold smuggled American goods from military bases were called "yankee markets" ({{Korean|hangul=양키시장}}).<ref name="Cho2">{{Cite news |last=Cho |first=Grace M. |date=22 August 2014 |title=Eating military base stew |work=[[Contexts]] |url=https://contexts.org/articles/eating-military-base-stew/ |url-status=live |access-date=29 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623180751/https://contexts.org/articles/eating-military-base-stew/ |archive-date=23 June 2017}}</ref> The term "yankee" is now generally viewed as an [[Anti-American sentiment in Korea|anti-American slur in South Korea]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-12-01 |title=Controversy over Psy's anti-American lyrics might be based on shoddy translation |language=en-US |newspaper=Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/12/11/controversy-over-psys-anti-american-lyrics-might-be-based-on-shoddy-translation/ |access-date=2023-08-20 |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> and is often used in the exclamation "Yankee go home!" ({{Korean|hangul=『양키 고 홈!』|labels=no}}).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-24 |title=문재인 정부로 바뀌자 등장한 "양키 고홈" 종미몰이 |url=https://www.dailian.co.kr/news/view/642154 |access-date=2023-08-20 |website=데일리안 |language=ko}}</ref>