Editing Wildfire (section)

=== Satellite and aerial monitoring ===
[[File:2020_Cordoba_NASA_FIRMS.jpg|thumb|The [[2020 Córdoba wildfires]] imaged by [[NASA]]'s [[Fire Information for Resource Management System|FIRMS]]]]
[[Satellite]] and aerial monitoring through the use of planes, helicopter, or UAVs can provide a wider view and may be sufficient to monitor very large, low risk areas. These more sophisticated systems employ [[Global Positioning System|GPS]] and aircraft-mounted infrared or high-resolution visible cameras to identify and target wildfires.<ref>{{cite web | author = Rochester Institute of Technology | url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/04/030410072055.htm | title = New Wildfire-detection Research Will Pinpoint Small Fires From 10,000 feet | website = ScienceDaily | date = 4 October 2003 | access-date = 12 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080605223918/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/04/030410072055.htm | archive-date = 5 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMEAE0CYTE_index_0.html | title = Airborne campaign tests new instrumentation for wildfire detection | date = 11 October 2006 | publisher = European Space Agency | access-date = 12 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090813163219/http://www.esa.int/esaLP/SEMEAE0CYTE_index_0.html | archive-date = 13 August 2009 }}</ref> Satellite-mounted sensors such as [[Envisat]]'s [[AATSR|Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer]] and [[European Remote-Sensing Satellite]]'s Along-Track Scanning Radiometer can measure infrared radiation emitted by fires, identifying hot spots greater than {{convert|39|C|F}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMRBH9ATME_Protecting_0.html | title = World fire maps now available online in near-real time | publisher = European Space Agency | date = 24 May 2006 | access-date = 12 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090813163601/http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMRBH9ATME_Protecting_0.html | archive-date = 13 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMEKMZBYTE_index_0.html | title = Earth from Space: California's 'Esperanza' fire | date = 11 March 2006 | publisher = European Space Agency | access-date = 12 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081110113923/http://www.esa.int/esaEO/SEMEKMZBYTE_index_0.html | archive-date = 10 November 2008 }}</ref> The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'s Hazard Mapping System combines remote-sensing data from satellite sources such as [[Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite]] (GOES), [[Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer]] (MODIS), and [[Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer]] (AVHRR) for detection of fire and smoke plume locations.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/hms.html | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite and Information Service | title = Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product | access-date = 15 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090114044127/http://www.ssd.noaa.gov/PS/FIRE/hms.html | archive-date = 14 January 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Swarm">{{cite journal | title = A probabilistic zonal approach for swarm-inspired wildfire detection using sensor networks | last = Ramachandran | first = Chandrasekar | author2 = Misra, Sudip | author3 = Obaidat, Mohammad S. | author3-link = Mohammad S. Obaidat | name-list-style = amp | journal = Int. J. Commun. Syst. | volume = 21 | issue = 10 | pages = 1047–1073 | date = 9 June 2008 | doi = 10.1002/dac.937 }}</ref> However, satellite detection is prone to offset errors, anywhere from {{convert|2|to|3|km|mi|sigfig=1|sp=us}} for MODIS and AVHRR data and up to {{convert|12|km|mi|sp=us}} for GOES data.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050180316_2005176776.pdf | title = Automated Wildfire Detection Through Artificial Neural Networks | last = Miller | first = Jerry | author2 = Borne, Kirk | author3 = Thomas, Brian | author4 = Huang Zhenping | author5 = Chi, Yuechen | name-list-style = amp | publisher = NASA | access-date = 15 January 2009 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100522013312/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20050180316_2005176776.pdf | archive-date = 22 May 2010 }}</ref> Satellites in geostationary orbits may become disabled, and satellites in polar orbits are often limited by their short window of observation time. Cloud cover and image resolution may also limit the effectiveness of satellite imagery.<ref>{{cite journal | title = Forest fire detection system based on a ZigBee wireless sensor network | date = September 2008 | doi = 10.1007/s11461-008-0054-3 | pages = 369–374 | volume = 3 | issue = 3 | journal = Frontiers of Forestry in China | last = Zhang | first = Junguo | author2 = Li, Wenbin | author3 = Han, Ning | author4 = Kan, Jiangming | s2cid = 76650011 | name-list-style = amp }}</ref> [[Global Forest Watch]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vizzuality |title=Forest Fires & Climate Change {{!}} Effects of Deforestation on Wildfires {{!}} GFW |url=https://www.globalforestwatch.org/topics/fires/ |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=www.globalforestwatch.org |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230725135120/https://www.globalforestwatch.org/topics/fires/ |url-status=live }}</ref> provides detailed daily updates on fire alerts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Earth Science Data Systems |first=NASA |date=28 January 2016 |title=VIIRS I-Band 375 m Active Fire Data |url=https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/near-real-time/firms/viirs-i-band-375-m-active-fire-data |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Earthdata |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812111232/https://www.earthdata.nasa.gov/learn/find-data/near-real-time/firms/viirs-i-band-375-m-active-fire-data |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015 a new fire detection tool is in operation at the [[United States Department of Agriculture|U.S. Department of Agriculture]] (USDA) [[United States Forest Service|Forest Service]] (USFS) which uses data from the [[Suomi NPP|Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership]] (NPP) satellite to detect smaller fires in more detail than previous space-based products. The high-resolution data is used with a computer model to predict how a fire will change direction based on weather and land conditions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA-FIRMS |url=https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/ |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726083155/https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, an international campaign was organized in South Africa's Kruger National Park to validate fire detection products including the new VIIRS active fire data. In advance of that campaign, the Meraka Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria, South Africa, an early adopter of the VIIRS 375&nbsp;m fire product, put it to use during several large wildfires in Kruger.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASA VIIRS Land Products |url=https://viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov/Val/Fire_Val.html |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov |archive-date=25 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825060218/https://viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov/Val/Fire_Val.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2021 NASA has provided active fire locations in [[near real-time]] via the [[Fire Information for Resource Management System]] (FIRMS).

The increased prevalence of wildfires has led to proposals deploy technologies based on [[artificial intelligence]] for early detection, prevention, and prediction of wildfires.<ref>{{Cite web |last=London |first=King's College |title=Faster satellite detection of extreme wildfires imminent |url=https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/faster-satellite-detection-of-extreme-wildfires-eminent |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=King's College London |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildfire startup puts AI-powered eyes in the forest to watch for new blazes and provide rapid alerts |date=9 August 2023 |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2023/wildfire-startup-puts-ai-powered-eyes-in-the-forest-to-watch-for-new-blazes-and-provide-rapid-alerts/ |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814163517/https://www.geekwire.com/2023/wildfire-startup-puts-ai-powered-eyes-in-the-forest-to-watch-for-new-blazes-and-provide-rapid-alerts/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Transport Canada SFOC Granted to Support Wildfire Suppression |date=August 2023 |url=https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2023/08/transport-canada-sfoc-granted-to-support-wildfire-suppression/ |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814163518/https://www.unmannedsystemstechnology.com/2023/08/transport-canada-sfoc-granted-to-support-wildfire-suppression/ |url-status=live }}</ref>