Editing Water buffalo (section)

==Reproductive research==

=== In vitro fertilization ===

In 2004, [[Philippine Carabao Center]] (PCC) in [[Nueva Ecija]] produced the first swamp-type water buffalo born from an [[In vitro fertilisation|''in vitro''-produced]], [[Embryo cryopreservation|vitrified embryo]]. It was named "Glory" after President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]. [[Joseph Estrada]]'s most successful project as an opposition senator, the PCC was created through Republic Act 3707, the Carabao Act of 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20071231-109740/Super_carabao_making_the_scene_in_year_of_the_rats |title='Super carabao' making the scene in year of the rats |year=2007 |first=J. |last=Uy|publisher=inquirer.net}}</ref>

There have been many attempts at creating hybrids between domestic cattle and domestic water buffaloes, however, to date, none have been successful; the embryos usually only get to the [[8-cell stage]] before failing.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Patil |first1=S. |last2=Totey |first2=S. |date=2003 |title=Developmental failure of hybrid embryos generated by in vitro fertilization of water buffalo (''Bubalus bubalis'') oocyte with bovine spermatozoa |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mrd.10269 |journal=Molecular Reproduction and Development |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=360–368 |doi=10.1002/mrd.10269|pmid=12548668 |s2cid=34587206 }}</ref>

=== Cloning ===

The first cloned water buffalos were born in 2007. Chinese scientists used [[Micromanipulator|micromanipulation]]-based [[somatic cell nuclear transfer]] produce several clones of a swamp-type water buffalo. Three calves were born; two died young.<ref name="pmid29620444">{{cite journal |last1=Selokar |first1=Naresh L. |last2=Saini |first2=Monika |last3=Palta |first3=Prabhat |last4=Chauhan |first4=Manmohan S. |last5=Manik |first5=Radhey S. |last6=Singla |first6=Suresh K. |title=Cloning of Buffalo, a Highly Valued Livestock Species of South and Southeast Asia: Any Achievements? |journal=Cellular Reprogramming |date=April 2018 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=89–98 |doi=10.1089/cell.2017.0051 |pmid=29620444}}</ref>

In 2007, the PCC announced plans to clone the swamp-type water buffalo. The plan was to use  as a tool for genetic improvement in water buffaloes to produce "super buffalo calves" by multiplying existing [[germplasm]]s, but without modifying or altering [[gene]]tic material.<ref>{{cite news |last=Hicap |first=J. M. |year=2007 |url=http://www.safetybio.agri.kps.ku.ac.th/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=297&Itemid=42 |title=RP to produce Southeast Asia's first cloned buffalo |newspaper=The Manila Times |access-date=21 June 2017 |archive-date=3 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003075628/http://www.safetybio.agri.kps.ku.ac.th/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=297&Itemid=42 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 2009 [[Voice of America]] article says the PCC is "close to producing the world's first water buffalo clone".<ref>{{cite web |title=Philippines Close to Creating World's First Water Buffalo Clone |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2005-09-29-voa7-66936712/264539.html |website=Voice of America |language=en |date=28 October 2009}}</ref>

In 2009, [[National Dairy Research Institute]] ([[Karnal]], India) cloned a river-type water buffalo using a simplified somatic cell nuclear transfer procedure called "[[handmade cloning]]".<ref name="pmid29620444"/> The calf, named Samrupa, did not survive more than a week due to [[genetic defect]]s. A few months later, a second cloned calf named Garima was successfully born.<ref>[http://topinews.com/story/title/samrupa-worlds-first-cloned-buffalo-calf-from-india Samrupa, World's first cloned buffalo calf from India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226112522/https://www.topinews.com/ |date=26 December 2022 }}. Topinews.com</ref> The [[Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes]], India's premier research institute on water buffaloes, also became the second institute in the world to successfully clone the water buffalo in 2016.<ref>{{cite report |title=ICAR-CIRB Annual Report 2015-16 |url=https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1550/1/annualreport15-16.pdf |location=Hisar, Haryana, India |publisher=ICAR-[[Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes]] |date=3 July 2016 |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>