Editing War of 1812 (section)

==== Niagara frontier, 1813 ====

[[File:Niagra River and Territory, 1812.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|{{center|[[Niagara Peninsula]], War of 1812 map<br />depicting locations of forts, battles, etc.}}]]

Both sides placed great importance on gaining control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River because of the difficulties of land-based communication. The British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario when the war began and had the initial advantage. The Americans established a Navy yard at [[Sackett's Harbor, New York]], a port on Lake Ontario. Commodore [[Isaac Chauncey]] took charge of the thousands of sailors and [[shipwright]]s assigned there and recruited more from New York. They completed a warship (the corvette [[USS Madison (1812)|USS ''Madison'']]) in 45 days. Ultimately, almost 3,000 men at the shipyard built 11 warships and many smaller boats and transports. Army forces were also stationed at Sackett's Harbor, where they camped out through the town, far surpassing the small population of 900. Officers were housed with families. [[Madison Barracks]] was later built at Sackett's Harbor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northamericanforts.com/East/New_York/Madison_Barracks/Madison_Barracks.html|title=Madison Barracks|website=www.northamericanforts.com}}</ref>

Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program, on 27 April 1813 Chauncey and Dearborn attacked [[York, Upper Canada|York]], the capital of Upper Canada. At the [[Battle of York]], the outnumbered British regulars destroyed the fort and dockyard and retreated, leaving the militia to surrender the town. American soldiers set fire to the Legislature building, and looted and vandalized several government buildings and citizens' homes. The burning of York was pivotal for the British, and resulted in the absence of supplies that would be needed in later battles.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Horsman |first=Reginald |url=https://archive.org/details/warof18120000unse/ |title=The War of 1812 |date=1969 |publisher=Knopf |page=104 |language=en |quote=Barclay was also in a critical position in regard to the equipping and provisioning of his ships. Ordnance, ammunition, and other supplies for Lake Erie had been stored at York and been burned or taken by the Americans, and the retreat of the British from Fort George made it exceedingly difficult to send any other stores from Lower Canada |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref>Daughan, George C. 1812 (p. 178). Basic Books. Kindle Edition.</ref> 

On 25 May 1813, Fort Niagara and the American Lake Ontario squadron began bombarding [[Fort George, Ontario|Fort George]].{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=37}} An American amphibious force assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River on 27 May and captured it without serious losses.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=40}} The British abandoned [[Fort Erie]] and headed towards [[Burlington Heights (Ontario)|Burlington Heights]].{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=40}} The British position was close to collapsing in Upper Canada; the Iroquois considered changing sides and ignored a British appeal to come to their aid.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=40}} However, the Americans did not pursue the retreating British forces until they had largely escaped and organized a counter-offensive at the [[Battle of Stoney Creek]] on 5 June. The British launched a surprise attack at 2{{nbsp}}a.m., leading to confused fighting{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=40}} and a strategic British victory.{{sfn|Ridler|2015}}

The Americans pulled back to Forty Mile Creek rather than continue their advance into Upper Canada.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=40}} At this point, the [[Six Nations of the Grand River]] began to come out to fight for the British as an American victory no longer seemed inevitable.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=40}} The Iroquois ambushed an American patrol at Forty Mile Creek while the Royal Navy squadron based in Kingston sailed in and bombarded the American camp. General Dearborn retreated to Fort George, mistakenly believing that he was outnumbered and outgunned.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=41}} British Brigadier General [[John Vincent (British Army officer)|John Vincent]] was encouraged when about 800 Iroquois arrived to assist him.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=41}}

An American force surrendered on 24 June to a smaller British force due to advance warning by [[Laura Secord]] at the [[Battle of Beaver Dams]], marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=41}} British Major General [[Francis de Rottenburg]] did not have the strength to retake Fort George, so he instituted a blockade, hoping to starve the Americans into surrender.{{sfn|Benn|2002|p=44}} Meanwhile, Commodore [[James Lucas Yeo]] had taken charge of the British ships on the lake and mounted a counterattack, which the Americans repulsed at the [[Battle of Sackett's Harbor]]. Thereafter, Chauncey and Yeo's squadrons fought two indecisive actions, off the Niagara on 7 August and at Burlington Bay on 28 September. Neither commander was prepared to take major risks to gain a complete victory.{{sfn|Malcomson|1998}}

Late in 1813, the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory that they occupied around Fort George. They set fire to the village of Newark (now [[Niagara-on-the-Lake]]) on 10 December 1813, incensing the Canadians. Many of the inhabitants were left without shelter, freezing to death in the snow. The British retaliated following their [[Capture of Fort Niagara]] on 18 December 1813. A British-Indian force led by Riall [[Battle of Lewiston|stormed the neighbouring town]] of [[Lewiston, New York]] on 19 December; four American civilians were killed by drunken Indians after the battle. A small force of [[Tuscarora people|Tuscarora]] warriors engaged Riall's men during the battle, which allowed many residents of Lewiston to evacuate the village.{{sfn|Historic Lewiston, New York}}{{sfn|Prohaska|2010}} The British and their Indian allies subsequently [[Battle of Buffalo|attacked]] and burned [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] on Lake Erie on 30 December 1813 in revenge for the American attack on Fort George and Newark in May.{{sfn|Hickey|1989|pp=143, 159}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-02 |title=War of 1812 {{!}} History, Summary, Causes, Effects, Timeline, Facts, & Significance {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/War-of-1812 |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>