Editing Veto (section)

=== Asia ===
[[File:Map of Asia.png|thumb|Asia]]
* {{flag|China}}: Under the [[Constitution of the People's Republic of China|Constitution]], the [[National People's Congress]] can nullify regulations enacted by the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]]. The State Council and [[President of the People's Republic of China|president]] do not have a veto power.<ref name="china-qa">{{Cite web
  | url =  http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/Q&A/161688.htm
  | access-date = 2022-06-11
  | title = China Questions and Answers -- china.org.cn
  | author = China Internet Information Center
  | quote = Administrative regulations shall not contravene laws adopted by the NPC, local regulations shall not contravene laws and administrative regulations, and the NPC has the power to annul administrative regulations and local regulations that contravene the laws it has made. 
}}</ref>{{further|Government of China}}
*{{flag|Georgia}}: The [[president of Georgia|president]] can return a bill to the [[Parliament of Georgia|parliament]] with proposed amendments within two weeks of receiving the bill.<ref name="georgia-46">{{cite constitution | article= 46 | polity= Georgia (country) | date= 2018}}</ref> Parliament must first vote on the proposed amendments, which can be adopted by the same majority as for the original legislation (for ordinary legislation, a simple majority vote).<ref name="georgia-46"/> If Parliament does not adopt the amendments, it can override the veto by passing the original bill by an [[absolute majority]].<ref name="georgia-46"/> Before the constitutional reforms of the 2010s, the president had both a package veto and an amendatory veto, which could be overridden only with a 3/5 majority.{{sfn|Tsebelis|Rizova|2007|p=1179}} {{further|Politics of Georgia (country)}}
* {{flag|India}}: The [[President of India|president]] has three veto powers: absolute, suspension, and pocket. The president can send the bill back to parliament for changes, which constitutes a limited veto that can be overridden by a simple majority. But the bill reconsidered by the parliament becomes a law with or without the president's assent after 14 days. The president can also take no action indefinitely on a bill, sometimes referred to as a pocket veto. The president can refuse to assent, which constitutes an absolute veto. But the absolute veto can be exercised by the President only once in respect of a bill. If the President refuses to provide his assent to a bill and sends it back to Parliament, suggesting his recommendations or amendments to the bill and the Parliament passes the bill again with or without such amendments, the president is obligated to assent to the bill.<ref>Article 111 of the [[Constitution of India]]</ref><ref name="intro india">{{cite book | title=Introduction to the Constitution of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srDytmFE3KMC&pg=PA145 | publisher=Prentice-Hall of India Learning Pvt. Ltd. | author=Sharma, B.k. | year=2007 | location=New Delhi | page=145 | isbn=978-81-203-3246-1}}</ref><ref name="india times">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/The-Presidents-role/articleshow/20154333.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616231317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-08-26/education/27323497_1_powers-impeachment-resolution | url-status=live | archive-date=16 June 2012 | title=The President's role | date=26 August 2002 | access-date=4 January 2012 | work=[[The Times of India]] | author=Gupta, V. P.}}</ref>{{further|President of India#Important presidential interventions in the past}}
*{{flag|Indonesia}}: Express presidential veto powers were removed from the Constitution in the 2002 democratization reforms.<ref>{{Cite journal
  | author1-first = Simon 
  | author1-last = Butt 
  | author2-first = Tim 
  | author2-last = Lindsey
  | title = Economic Reform when the Constitution Matters: Indonesia's Constitutional Court and Article 33 
 | year = 2008
  | journal = Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies
  | volume = 44
  | issue = 2
  | pages = 239–262
  | doi = 10.1080/00074910802169004
| s2cid = 154149905 
 }}</ref> The [[President of Indonesia|president]] can however enact a "regulation in lieu of law" (''Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang'' or ''perppu''), which temporarily blocks a law from taking effect.<ref name="setiawan-2022"/> The [[People's Representative Council]] (DPR) can revoke such a regulation in its next session.<ref name="indonesia-22">{{cite constitution | article= 22 | polity= Indonesia | date= 2022}}</ref> In addition, the [[Constitution of Indonesia|Constitution]] requires that legislation be jointly approved by the president and the DPR. The president thus can effectively block a bill by withholding approval.<ref name="setiawan-2022">{{Cite book
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6h9iEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT42
  | isbn = 9780429860935
  | title = Politics in Contemporary Indonesia: Institutional Change, Policy Challenges and Democratic Decline
  | author1-first = Ken M.P 
  | author1-last = Setiawan
  | author2-first = Dirk 
  | author2-last = Tomsa
  | publisher = Routledge
  | year = 2022
}}</ref> Whether these presidential powers constitute a "veto" has been disputed, including by former Constitutional Court justice [[Patrialis Akbar]].<ref>{{Cite web
  | url =  https://www.merdeka.com/politik/adakah-hak-veto-presiden-dalam-sistem-ketatanegaraan.html
  | access-date = 2022-06-13
  | title = Adakah hak veto presiden dalam sistem ketatanegaraan? 
  | work = merdeka.com
  | author = Sri Wiyanti
  | date = 2014-10-10
  | language = Indonesian
}}</ref>{{further|Politics of Indonesia}}
* {{flag|Iran}}: The [[Guardian Council]] has the authority to veto bills passed by the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]].<ref name="iran-portal">{{Cite web
  | url =  https://irandataportal.syr.edu/the-guardian-council
  | access-date = 2022-06-11
  | title = The Guardian Council
  | work = Iran Social Science Data Portal
  | quote = The Guardian Council has three constitutional mandates: a) it has veto power over legislation passed by the parliament (Majles);
}}</ref> This veto power can be based on the legislation being contrary to the constitution or contrary to Islamic law. A constitutional veto requires a majority of the Guardian Council's members, while a veto based on Islamic law requires a majority of its [[Faqih|fuqaha]] members.<ref>{{Cite constitution| polity = Iran | date = 1989 | article = 94, 96}}</ref> The Guardian Council also has veto power over candidates for various elected offices.<ref name="iran-portal"/>{{further|Government of Iran}}
*{{flag|Japan}}: There is no veto at the national level, as Japan has a [[parliamentary system]] and the [[Constitution of Japan|constitution]] does not give the [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]] authority to refuse to promulgate a law.<ref>{{Cite constitution|polity=Japan|date=1947|article=7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
  | author-last = Herzog
  | author-first = Peter J.
  | year = 1951
  | title = Political Theories in the Japanese Constitution
  | journal = Monumenta Nipponica
  | volume = 7
  | issue = 1/2
  | page = 11
  | doi = 10.2307/2382947
  | jstor = 2382947
 | quote = There is no veto power against the legislature-unless at some future time the Emperor's "non-governmental" ceremonial functions enumerated in Article 7 were construed as discretionary.
}}</ref> Under the [[Local Autonomy Act]] of 1947, however, the executive of a prefectural or municipal government can veto local legislation. If the executive believes the legislation is unlawful, the executive is required to veto it.<ref>{{Cite web
  | title = Japan: Local Autonomy Is a Central Tenet to Good Governance
  | author1-first = Seth B.
  | author1-last = Benjamin
  | author2-first = Jason
  | author2-last = Grant
  | date = 2022-03-29
  | url =  https://icma.org/articles/article/japan-local-autonomy-central-tenet-good-governance
  | access-date = 2022-06-21
}}</ref> The local assembly can override this veto by a 2/3 vote.<ref name="shimizutani-2010">{{Cite journal 
  | title = Local Government in Japan: New Directions in Governance toward Citizens' Autonomy
  | journal = Asia-Pacific Review
  | author-first = Satoshi 
  | author-last = Shimizutani
  | page = 114
  | year = 2010
  | volume = 17
 | issue = 2
 | doi = 10.1080/13439006.2010.531115 
| s2cid = 154999192
 }}</ref>{{further|Politics of Japan|Local Autonomy Act}}
* {{flag|South Korea}}: The [[President of South Korea|president]] can return a bill to the [[National Assembly of South Korea|National Assembly]] for "reconsideration" (재의).<ref>{{cite constitution |article= 53|clause= |section= 2|polity= South Korea|date= 1987}}</ref> Partial and amendatory vetoes are expressly forbidden.<ref>{{cite constitution |article= 53|clause= |section= 3|polity= South Korea|date= 1987}}</ref> The National Assembly can override the veto by a 2/3 majority of the members present.<ref>{{cite constitution |article= 53|clause= |section= 4|polity= South Korea|date= 1987}}</ref> Such overrides are rare: when the National Assembly overrode president [[Roh Moo-hyun]]'s veto of a corruption investigation in 2003, it was the first override in 49 years.<ref>{{Cite book
  | author = Young Whan Kihl
  | year = 2015
  | title = Transforming Korean Politics: Democracy, Reform, and Culture
  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IWqsBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA305
  | page = 305
  | publisher = Routledge
  | isbn = 9781317453321
}}</ref>{{further|Government of South Korea}}
*{{flag|Philippines}}: The [[president of the Philippines|president]] may refuse to sign a bill, sending the bill back to the house where it originated along with his objections. [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] can override the veto via a 2/3 vote with both houses voting separately, after which the bill becomes law.<ref name="rose-ackerman-2011">{{Cite journal
  | author1-first = Susan 
  | author1-last = Rose-Ackerman
  | author2-first = Diane A. 
  | author2-last = Desierto
  | author3-first = Natalia 
  | author3-last = Volosin
  | year = 2011
  | title = Hyper-Presidentialism: Separation of Powers without Checks and Balances in Argentina and Philippines
  | volume = 29 
  | journal = Berkeley Journal of International Law
  | page = 282
}}</ref> The president may also exercise a [[line-item veto]] on [[money bill]]s.<ref name="rose-ackerman-2011"/> The president does not have a pocket veto: once the bill has been received by the president, the chief executive has thirty days to veto the bill. Once the thirty-day period expires, the bill becomes law as if the president had signed it.<ref>{{Cite constitution | polity = the Philippines | date = 1987 | article = VI | section = 27}}</ref>{{further|Politics of the Philippines}}
*{{flag|Uzbekistan}}: The [[president of Uzbekistan|president]] has a package veto and an amendatory veto.{{sfn|Tsebelis|Rizova|2007|p=1166}} The Legislative Chamber of the [[Oliy Majlis]] can override either type of veto by a 2/3 vote.{{sfn|Tsebelis|Rizova|2007|p=1166}} In the case of a package veto, if the veto is not overridden, the bill fails.{{sfn|Tsebelis|Rizova|2007|p=1166}} In the case of an amendatory veto, if the veto is not overridden, the bill becomes law as amended.{{sfn|Tsebelis|Rizova|2007|pp=1166, 1181}} The Senate of the Oliy Majlis has a veto over legislation passed by the Legislative Chamber, which the Legislative Chamber can likewise override by a 2/3 vote.<ref>{{cite constitution | article= 84 | polity= Uzbekistan | date= 1992}}</ref>{{further|Politics of Uzbekistan}}