Editing Vanadium (section)

=== Other uses ===
The [[vanadium redox battery]], a type of [[flow battery]], is an electrochemical cell consisting of aqueous vanadium ions in different oxidation states.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Joerissen |first1=Ludwig |last2=Garche |first2=Juergen |last3=Fabjan |first3=Ch. |last4=Tomazic |first4=G. |date=March 2004 |title=Possible use of vanadium redox-flow batteries for energy storage in small grids and stand-alone photovoltaic systems |journal=Journal of Power Sources |volume=127 |issue=1–2 |pages=98–104 |bibcode=2004JPS...127...98J |doi=10.1016/j.jpowsour.2003.09.066}}</ref><ref name="RychcikSkyllas-Kazacos1988">{{cite journal |last1=Rychcik |first1=M. |last2=Skyllas-Kazacos |first2=M. |date=January 1988 |title=Characteristics of a new all-vanadium redox flow battery |journal=Journal of Power Sources |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=59–67 |bibcode=1988JPS....22...59R |doi=10.1016/0378-7753(88)80005-3}}</ref> Batteries of this type were first proposed in the 1930s and developed commercially from the 1980s onwards. Cells use +5 and +2 formal oxidization state ions. Vanadium redox batteries are used commercially for [[grid energy storage]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Liyu |last2=Kim |first2=Soowhan |last3=Wang |first3=Wei |last4=Vijayakumar |first4=M. |last5=Nie |first5=Zimin |last6=Chen |first6=Baowei |last7=Zhang |first7=Jianlu |last8=Xia |first8=Guanguang |last9=Hu |first9=Jianzhi |last10=Graff |first10=Gordon |last11=Liu |first11=Jun |last12=Yang |first12=Zhenguo |date=May 2011 |title=A Stable Vanadium Redox-Flow Battery with High Energy Density for Large-Scale Energy Storage |journal=Advanced Energy Materials |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=394–400 |doi=10.1002/aenm.201100008 |bibcode=2011AdEnM...1..394L |s2cid=33277301}}</ref>

[[Vanadate]] can be used for protecting steel against rust and corrosion by [[conversion coating]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guan |first1=H. |last2=Buchheit |first2=R. G. |date=1 March 2004 |title=Corrosion Protection of Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 by Vanadate Conversion Coatings |journal=Corrosion |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=284–296 |doi=10.5006/1.3287733}}</ref> Vanadium foil is used in [[cladding (metalworking)|cladding]] titanium to steel because it is compatible with both iron and titanium.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lositskii |first1=N. T. |last2=Grigor'ev |first2=A. A. |last3=Khitrova |first3=G. V. |date=December 1966 |title=Welding of chemical equipment made from two-layer sheet with titanium protective layer (review of foreign literature) |journal=Chemical and Petroleum Engineering |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=854–856 |doi=10.1007/BF01146317 |bibcode=1966CPE.....2..854L |s2cid=108903737}}</ref> The moderate [[neutron capture|thermal neutron-capture cross-section]] and the short half-life of the isotopes produced by neutron capture makes vanadium a suitable material for the inner structure of a [[fusion reactor]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matsui |first1=H. |last2=Fukumoto |first2=K. |last3=Smith |first3=D.L. |last4=Chung |first4=Hee M. |last5=van Witzenburg |first5=W. |last6=Votinov |first6=S.N. |date=October 1996 |title=Status of vanadium alloys for fusion reactors |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1259631 |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Nuclear Materials |volume=233-237 |pages=92–99 |bibcode=1996JNuM..233...92M |doi=10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00331-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215013608/https://zenodo.org/record/1259631 |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=10 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vanadium Data Sheet |url=http://www.wahchang.com/pages/products/data/pdf/Vanadium.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225153938/http://www.wahchang.com/pages/products/data/pdf/Vanadium.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2009 |access-date=16 January 2009 |publisher=[[ATI Wah Chang]]}}</ref>

Vanadium can be added in small quantities <&nbsp;5% to [[Lithium iron phosphate battery|LFP battery]] cathodes to increase ionic conductivity.<ref>{{Cite patent|number=US7842420B2|title=Electrode material with enhanced ionic transport properties|gdate=2010-11-30|invent1=Wixom|invent2=Xu|inventor1-first=Michael R.|inventor2-first=Chuanjing|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US7842420B2/en?oq=7842420}}</ref>

==== Proposed ====
[[Lithium vanadium oxide]] has been proposed for use as a high-energy-density anode for [[Lithium-ion battery|lithium-ion batteries]], at 745&nbsp;Wh/L when paired with a [[lithium cobalt oxide]] cathode.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kariatsumari |first=Koji |date=February 2008 |title=Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries Made Safer |url=http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/HONSHI/20080129/146549/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912020554/http://techon.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/HONSHI/20080129/146549/ |archive-date=12 September 2011 |access-date=10 December 2008 |publisher=Nikkei Business Publications, Inc.}}</ref> [[Vanadium phosphate]]s have been proposed as the cathode in the [[lithium vanadium phosphate battery]], another type of lithium-ion battery.<ref>{{citation |last1=Saıdi |first1=M.Y. |title=Performance characteristics of lithium vanadium phosphate as a cathode material for lithium-ion batteries |date=1 June 2003 |journal=Journal of Power Sources |volume=119–121 |pages=266–272 |bibcode=2003JPS...119..266S |doi=10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00245-3 |last2=Barker |first2=J. |last3=Huang |first3=H. |last4=Swoyer |first4=J.L. |last5=Adamson |first5=G.}} Selected papers presented at the 11th International Meeting on Lithium Batteries</ref>