Editing Vacuum pump (section)

==Applications==
Vacuum pumps are used in many industrial and scientific processes, including:

* Vacuum [[deaerator]]
* Composite plastic moulding processes;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosato |first=Dominick V. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/840285544 |title=Injection Molding Handbook |date=2000 |publisher=Springer US |others=Donald V. Rosato, Marlene G. Rosato |isbn=978-1-4615-4597-2 |edition=3rd |location=Boston, MA |pages=874 |oclc=840285544}}</ref>
* Production of most types of [[lighting|electric lamps]], [[vacuum tube]]s, and [[Cathode-ray tube|CRT]]s where the device is either left evacuated or re-filled with a specific gas or gas mixture;<ref name=":1" />
* [[Semiconductor]] processing, notably [[ion implantation]], dry etch and PVD, ALD, PECVD and CVD deposition and so on in [[photolithography]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lessard |first=Philip A. |year=2000 |title=Dry vacuum pumps for semiconductor processes: Guidelines for primary pump selection |url=http://avs.scitation.org/doi/10.1116/1.582423 |journal=Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films |language=en |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=1777–1781 |doi=10.1116/1.582423 |bibcode=2000JVSTA..18.1777L |issn=0734-2101}}</ref>
* [[Electron microscope|Electron microscopy]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yoshimura |first=Nagamitsu |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1141514098 |title=A review : ultrahigh-vacuum technology for electron microscopes |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-12-819703-5 |location=London |oclc=1141514098}}</ref>
* Medical processes that require suction;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Müller, D. |date=19 June 2020 |title=Vacuum Technology in Medical Applications |url=https://www.vacuumscienceworld.com/blog/vacuum-technology-medical-applications |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=Vacuum Science World}}</ref>
* [[Uranium enrichment]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Snyder |first=Ryan |date=2016-05-03 |title=A Proliferation Assessment of Third Generation Laser Uranium Enrichment Technology |journal=Science & Global Security |language=en |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=68–91 |doi=10.1080/08929882.2016.1184528 |bibcode=2016S&GS...24...68S |s2cid=37413408 |issn=0892-9882|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* Medical applications such as [[radiotherapy]], [[radiosurgery]] and [[radiopharmacy]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ginzton |first1=Edward L. |last2=Nunan |first2=Craig S. |year=1985 |title=History of microwave electron linear accelerators for radiotherapy |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0360301685901415 |journal=International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=205–216 |doi=10.1016/0360-3016(85)90141-5|pmid=3918962 }}</ref>
* Analytical instrumentation to analyse gas, liquid, solid, surface and bio materials;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Klemm |first1=Denis |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Volker |last3=Edelmann |first3=Christian |year=2009 |title=Controlling of material analysers of the GD-OES type with help of pump-down curves |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0042207X09003807 |journal=Vacuum |language=en |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=299–303 |doi=10.1016/j.vacuum.2009.06.058|bibcode=2009Vacuu..84..299K }}</ref>
* [[Mass spectrometer]]s to create a high vacuum between the ion source and the detector;<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goodwin, D. |last2=Cameron, A. |last3=Ramsden, J. |year=2005 |others=et al. |title=Considerations for Primary Vacuum Pumping in Mass Spectrometry Systems |url=https://www.spectroscopyonline.com/view/considerations-primary-vacuum-pumping-mass-spectrometry-systems-pdf |journal=Spectroscopy |volume=20 |issue=1}}</ref>
* vacuum coating on glass, metal and plastics for decoration, for durability and for energy saving, such as [[low-emissivity]] glass, hard coating for engine components (as in [[Formula One]]), ophthalmic coating, [[milking machine]]s and other equipment in dairy sheds;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mattox |first=D. M. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/310215197 |title=The foundations of vacuum coating technology : [a concise look at the discoveries, inventions, and people behind vacuum coating, past and present] |date=2003 |publisher=Noyes Publications/William Andrew Pub |isbn=978-0-8155-1925-6 |location=Norwich, N.Y. |oclc=310215197}}</ref>
* Vacuum impregnation of porous products such as wood or electric motor windings;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rozanov |first=L.N. |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781482288155 |title=Vacuum Technique |date=2002-04-04 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-4822-8815-5 |edition=0 |language=en |doi=10.1201/9781482288155}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Nomura |first1=Takahiro |last2=Okinaka |first2=Noriyuki |last3=Akiyama |first3=Tomohiro |year=2009 |title=Impregnation of porous material with phase change material for thermal energy storage |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S025405840900128X |journal=Materials Chemistry and Physics |language=en |volume=115 |issue=2–3 |pages=846–850 |doi=10.1016/j.matchemphys.2009.02.045}}</ref>
* Air conditioning service (removing all contaminants from the system before charging with refrigerant);<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lattieff |first1=Farkad A. |last2=Atiya |first2=Mohammed A. |last3=Al-Hemiri |first3=Adel A. |year=2019 |title=Test of solar adsorption air-conditioning powered by evacuated tube collectors under the climatic conditions of Iraq |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960148119303192 |journal=Renewable Energy |language=en |volume=142 |pages=20–29 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2019.03.014|bibcode=2019REne..142...20L |s2cid=116823643 }}</ref>
* Trash compactor;<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Jeff |last2=Marten |first2=Adam |last3=Tellez |first3=Guillerno |title=42nd International Conference on Environmental Systems |chapter=Design of a High Efficiency, High Output Plastic Melt Waste Compactor |date=2012-07-15 |chapter-url=https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/10.2514/6.2012-3544 |series=International Conference on Environmental Systems (ICES) |language=en |location=San Diego, California |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |doi=10.2514/6.2012-3544 |isbn=978-1-60086-934-1}}</ref>
* [[Vacuum engineering]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Berman |first=A. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/829460307 |title=Vacuum Engineering Calculations, Formulas, and Solved Exercises. |date=1992 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-323-14041-6 |location=Oxford |oclc=829460307}}</ref>
* [[Sewage system]]s (see EN1091:1997 standards);<ref>{{Cite book |last=Butler |first=David |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1004770084 |title=Urban drainage |others=Chris Digman, Christos Makropoulos, John W. Davies |year=2018 |isbn=978-1-4987-5059-2 |edition=4th |location=Boca Raton, FL |pages=293–314 |chapter=Chapter 14: Pumped Systems |oclc=1004770084}}</ref>
* [[Freeze drying]];<ref>{{Cite book |last=Haseley |first=Peter |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015682292 |title=Freeze-drying |date=2018 |others=Georg-Wilhelm Oetjen |isbn=978-3-527-80894-6 |edition=3rd |location=Weinheim, Germany |oclc=1015682292}}</ref> and 
* [[Fusion power|Fusion]] research.<ref name="Scroll vacuum pump">{{cite journal |last1=Nicholas |first1=Nathan |last2=Shaffer |first2=Bryce |title=All-Metal Scroll Vacuum Pump for Tritium Processing Systems |journal=Fusion Science and Technology |date=February 24, 2020 |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=366–372 |doi=10.1080/15361055.2020.1712988 |bibcode=2020FuST...76..366N |s2cid=214329842 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2020.1712988 |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>

In the field of oil regeneration and re-refining, vacuum pumps create a low vacuum for oil dehydration and a high vacuum for oil purification.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Speight |first1=James |title=Refining Used Lubricating Oils |last2=Exall |first2=Douglas |date=2014 |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |isbn=9781466551503 |location=Boca Raton |ref=RefiningOil}}</ref>

A vacuum may be used to power, or provide assistance to mechanical devices.  In hybrid and [[diesel engine]] [[motor vehicle]]s, a pump fitted on the engine (usually on the [[camshaft]]) is used to produce a vacuum.  In [[petrol engine]]s, instead, the vacuum is typically obtained as a side-effect of the operation of the engine and the flow restriction created by the [[throttle]] plate but may be also supplemented by an [[Electricity|electrically operated]] vacuum pump to boost braking assistance or improve fuel consumption.  This vacuum may then be used to power the following motor vehicle components:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hellahd.com/index.php/default/electrics/universal-electric-vacuum-pumps/electrics-product-11/|publisher=Hella|title=UP28 Universal Electric Vacuum Pump|access-date=14 Jun 2013|archive-date=3 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403233535/http://hellahd.com/index.php/default/electrics/universal-electric-vacuum-pumps/electrics-product-11/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[vacuum servo]] booster for the [[hydraulic brakes]], motors that move [[zone damper|damper]]s in the ventilation system, [[throttle]] driver in the [[cruise control]] [[servomechanism]], door locks or trunk releases.

In an [[aircraft]], the vacuum source is often used to power [[gyroscope]]s in the various [[Flight_instruments#Gyroscopic_systems|flight instrument]]s.  To prevent the complete loss of instrumentation in the event of an [[Electricity|electrical]] failure, the instrument panel is deliberately designed with certain instruments powered by electricity and other instruments powered by the vacuum source.<ref name="IFH">{{cite book |title=Instrument Flying Handbook |date=2012 |publisher=[[Federal Aviation Administration]] Flight Standards Service  |edition=FAA-H-8083-15B |url=https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/FAA-H-8083-15B.pdf |chapter=Chapter 5. Flight Instruments |pages=17}}</ref>

Depending on the application, some vacuum pumps may either be [[Electricity|electrically driven]] (using [[electric current]]) or [[Pneumatics|pneumatically-driven]] (using [[Pressurized air|air pressure]]), or powered and [[Actuator|actuated by other means]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vacuum Pumps |url=https://www.schmalz.com/en/vacuum-knowledge/the-vacuum-system-and-its-components/vacuum-generators/vacuum-pumps/ |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=Vacuum Knowledge |publisher=J. Schmalz GmbH}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vacuum Generators |url=https://www.schmalz.com/en/vacuum-knowledge/the-vacuum-system-and-its-components/vacuum-generators/ |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=Vacuum Knowledge |publisher=J. Schmalz GmbH}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How a Vacuum Pump Works |url=https://www.arizonapneumatic.com/vacuum-pumps.html |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=Arizona Pneumatic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bott, D. |title=The Ins and Outs of Vacuum Generators |url=https://www.airbestpractices.com/technology/vacuum/ins-and-outs-vacuum-generators |access-date=30 September 2022 |website=Dr. Vacuum |publisher=Dan Bott Consulting LLC}}</ref>