Editing Vaccination (section)

==History==
{{Further|Inoculation#Origins}}
[[File:Edward Jenner, testimonial to the efficacy of vaccination. Wellcome L0020705.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|An 1802 testimonial to the efficacy of vaccination, presented to its pioneer, [[Edward Jenner]], and signed by 112 members of the [[Physical Society of London|Physical Society, London]]]]

The earliest hints of the practice of [[variolation]] for smallpox in China date back to the 10th century.<ref name="needham volume 6 part 6 154">{{cite book| vauthors = Needham J |title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2000|isbn=9780521632621|page=154}}</ref> The oldest documented use of variolation comes from [[Wan Quan]]'s Douzhen Xinfa (痘疹心法), published in 1549. They implemented a method of "nasal [[Insufflation (medicine)|insufflation]]" administered by blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up the nostrils. Various insufflation techniques have been recorded throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries within China.<ref name="Williams2010">{{cite book| vauthors = Williams G |title=Angel of Death|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2010|isbn=978-0-230-27471-6|location=Basingstoke c}}</ref>{{rp|60}} Two reports on the Chinese practice of [[inoculation]] were received by the [[Royal Society]] in London in 1700; one by [[Martin Lister]] who received a report by an employee of the [[East India Company]] stationed in China and another by [[Clopton Havers]].<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Silverstein AM |title=A History of Immunology|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=9780080919461|edition=2nd|page=293}}</ref> In France, [[Voltaire]] reports that the Chinese have practiced variolation "these hundred years".

In 1796, [[Edward Jenner]], a doctor in [[Berkeley, Gloucestershire|Berkeley]] in [[Gloucestershire]], England, tested a common theory that a person who had contracted cowpox would be immune from smallpox. To test the theory, he took cowpox [[Vesicle (dermatology)|vesicle]]s from a [[milkmaid]] named Sarah Nelmes, with which he infected an eight-year-old boy named [[James Phipps]]. Two months later he inoculated the boy with smallpox, and smallpox did not develop. In 1798, Jenner published ''[[wikisource:An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ|An Inquiry Into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ]]'' which created widespread interest. He distinguished 'true' and 'spurious' cowpox (which did not give the desired effect) and developed an "arm-to-arm" method of propagating the vaccine from the vaccinated individual's [[Skin condition|pustule]]. Early attempts at confirmation were confounded by contamination with smallpox, but despite controversy within the medical profession and religious opposition to the use of animal material, by 1801 his report was translated into six languages and over 100,000 people were vaccinated.<ref name="GrossSepkowitz">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gross CP, Sepkowitz KA | title = The myth of the medical breakthrough: smallpox, vaccination, and Jenner reconsidered | journal = International Journal of Infectious Diseases | volume = 3 | issue = 1 | pages = 54–60 | date = July 1998 | pmid = 9831677 | doi = 10.1016/s1201-9712(98)90096-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The term vaccination was coined in 1800 by the surgeon Richard Dunning in his text ''Some observations on vaccination''.<ref>{{Cite web|vauthors=Dunning R|date=1800|publisher=March and Teape|url=https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/contagion/catalog/36-990061255320203941|title=Some observations on vaccination, or, The inoculated cow-pox; Some observations on vaccination; Inoculated cow-pox; Observations, & c; Observations, &c|website=Contagion – CURIOSity Digital Collections|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=18 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318151610/https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/contagion/catalog/36-990061255320203941|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Queens_of_Mysore_(detail),_Thomas_Hickey,_1805.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|Queens of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]: left, king [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]]'s first wife, Devajammani, right, the king's second wife, also named Devajammani, center: [[Lakshmi Ammani Devi|Lakshmi Ammani]], the king's grandmother. [[Thomas Hickey (painter)|Thomas Hickey]], 1805. The two queens in the painting are thought to advertise vaccination over [[variolation]], as they display the respective traces on their skin: discoloration around the nose and mouth (left, variolation), or a small hidden scar (right, vaccination).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sethu |first1=Divya |title=How 3 Mysore Queens Became The Face Of A Campaign For The World's First Vaccine |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/251100/national-vaccination-day-india-smallpox-covid-19-vaccine-awareness-programme-british-history-div200/ |website=The Better India |date=16 March 2021 |access-date=26 October 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322100108/https://www.thebetterindia.com/251100/national-vaccination-day-india-smallpox-covid-19-vaccine-awareness-programme-british-history-div200/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An Indian Queen's "Vaccine Selfie" in Oils |url=https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/indian-queens-vaccine-selfie-oils |website=www.gavi.org |access-date=26 October 2022 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315005757/https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/indian-queens-vaccine-selfie-oils |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Indian queens who modelled for the world's first vaccine |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53944723 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2020 |access-date=26 October 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920173003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-53944723 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]
In 1802, the [[Scotland|Scottish]] physician [[Helenus Scott]] vaccinated dozens of children in [[Bombay]] against smallpox using Jenner's cowpox vaccine.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Foege WH |title=House on Fire: The Fight to Eradicate Smallpox|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZunWRQ5_2TAC&pg=PA92|year=2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-26836-4|page=92}}</ref> In the same year Scott penned a letter to the editor in the ''[[Bombay Courier]]'', declaring that "We have it now in our power to communicate the benefits of this important discovery to every part of India, perhaps to China and the whole eastern world".<ref name="Bennett_2016">{{cite book |title=The War Against Smallpox: Edward Jenner and the Global Spread of Vaccination |title-link=War against smallpox: Edward Jenner and the global spread of vaccination |vauthors=Bennett M |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780521765671}}</ref>{{rp|243}} Subsequently, vaccination became firmly established in [[British India]]. A vaccination campaign was started in the new British colony of [[Ceylon]] in 1803. By 1807 the British had vaccinated more than a million Indians and [[Sri Lankans]] against smallpox.<ref name = "Bennett_2016" />{{rp|244}} Also in 1803 the Spanish [[Balmis Expedition]] launched the first transcontinental effort to vaccinate people against smallpox.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 July 2021|title=Exhibition tells story of Spanish children used as vaccine fridges in 1803|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/27/spanish-museum-celebrates-pioneer-who-took-smallpox-vaccine-to-colonies|access-date=31 July 2021|website=the Guardian|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903184520/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/27/spanish-museum-celebrates-pioneer-who-took-smallpox-vaccine-to-colonies|url-status=live}}</ref> Following a smallpox epidemic in 1816 the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] ordered smallpox vaccine and requested the English veterinarian [[William Moorcroft (explorer)|William Moorcroft]] to help in launching a vaccination campaign.<ref name = "Bennett_2016" />{{rp|265–266}} In the same year a law was passed in Sweden to require the vaccination of children against smallpox by the age of two. [[Prussia]] briefly introduced compulsory vaccination in 1810 and again in the 1920s, but decided against a compulsory vaccination law in 1829. A law on compulsory smallpox vaccination was introduced in the [[Province of Hanover]] in the 1820s. In 1826, in [[Kragujevac]], future prince Mihailo of [[Serbia]] was the first person to be vaccinated against smallpox in the principality of Serbia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kragujevacke.rs/DRUSTVO/ISTORIJA-VAKCINACIJA-U-SRBIJI/|title=Prvo vakcinisanje u Kragujevcu|access-date=17 May 2021|archive-date=8 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308184525/https://www.kragujevacke.rs/DRUSTVO/ISTORIJA-VAKCINACIJA-U-SRBIJI/|url-status=live}}</ref> Following a smallpox epidemic in 1837 that caused 40,000 deaths, the [[British government]] initiated a concentrated [[vaccination policy]], starting with the [[Vaccination Act 1840]], which provided for universal vaccination and prohibited [[variolation]].<ref name = "Bennett_2016" />{{rp|365}} The [[Vaccination Act 1853]] introduced compulsory smallpox vaccination in England and Wales.<ref name = "Brunton_2008">{{Cite book|title=The Politics of Vaccination: Practice and Policy in England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, 1800-1874 | vauthors = Brunton D |publisher=University Rochester Press|year=2008|isbn=9781580460361}}</ref>{{rp|39}} The law followed a severe outbreak of smallpox in 1851 and 1852. It provided that the [[poor law]] authorities would continue to dispense vaccination to all free of charge, but that records were to be kept on vaccinated children by the network of births registrars.<ref name = "Brunton_2008" />{{rp|41}} It was accepted at the time, that voluntary vaccination had not reduced smallpox mortality,<ref name = "Brunton_2008" />{{rp|43}} but the Vaccination Act 1853 was so badly implemented that it had little impact on the number of children vaccinated in England and [[Wales]].<ref name = "Brunton_2008" />{{rp|50}}

[[File:Poster for vaccination against smallpox.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|A 1979 poster from [[Lagos|Lagos, Nigeria]], to promote the worldwide eradication of smallpox<ref name = "Magner_2009">{{Cite book|title=A History of Infectious Diseases and the Microbial World | vauthors = Magner LN |publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2009|isbn=9780275995058 }}</ref>{{rp|116}}]]

The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] upheld compulsory vaccination laws in the 1905 landmark case [[Jacobson v. Massachusetts]], ruling that laws could require vaccination to protect the public from dangerous communicable diseases. However, in practice the U.S. had the lowest rate of vaccination among industrialized nations in the early 20th century. Compulsory vaccination laws began to be enforced in the U.S. after [[World War II]]. In 1959, the WHO called for the eradication of smallpox worldwide, as smallpox was still endemic in 33 countries. In the 1960s six to eight children died each year in the U.S. from vaccination-related complications. According to the WHO there were in 1966 about 100&nbsp;million cases of smallpox worldwide, causing an estimated two million deaths. In the 1970s there was such a small risk of contracting smallpox that the [[U.S. Public Health Service]] recommended for routine smallpox vaccination to be ended. By 1974 the WHO smallpox vaccination program had confined smallpox to parts of [[Pakistan]], India, [[Bangladesh]], [[Ethiopia]] and [[Somalia]]. In 1977 the WHO recorded the last case of smallpox infection acquired outside a laboratory in Somalia. In 1980 the WHO officially declared the world free of smallpox.<ref name = "Magner_2009" />{{rp|115–116}}

In 1974 the WHO adopted the goal of universal vaccination by 1990 to protect children against six preventable infectious diseases: [[measles]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[diphtheria]], [[whooping cough]], [[tetanus]], and [[tuberculosis]].<ref name = "Magner_2009" />{{rp|119}} In the 1980s only 20 to 40% of children in developing countries were vaccinated against these six diseases. In wealthy nations the number of measles cases had dropped dramatically after the introduction of the [[measles vaccine]] in 1963. WHO figures demonstrate that in many countries a decline in measles vaccination leads to a resurgence in measles cases. Measles are so contagious that public health experts believe a vaccination rate of 100% is needed to control the disease.<ref name = "Magner_2009" />{{rp|120}} Despite decades of mass vaccination polio remains a threat in India, [[Nigeria]], [[Somalia]], [[Niger]], [[Afghanistan]], Bangladesh and [[Indonesia]]. By 2006 global health experts concluded that the eradication of polio was only possible if the supply of [[drinking water]] and [[sanitation]] facilities were improved in [[slums]].<ref name="Magner_2009" />{{rp|124}} The deployment of a combined [[DPT vaccine]] against [[diphtheria]], [[pertussis]] (whooping cough), and [[tetanus]] in the 1950s was considered a major advancement for public health. But in the course of vaccination campaigns that spanned decades, DPT vaccines became associated with large number of cases with side effects. Despite improved DPT vaccines coming onto the market in the 1990s DPT vaccines became the focus of [[anti-vaccination]] campaigns in wealthy nations. As immunization rates fell outbreaks of [[pertussis]] increased in many countries.<ref name = "Magner_2009" />{{rp|128}}

In 2000, the [[Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization]] was established to strengthen routine vaccinations and introduce new and underused vaccines in countries with a per capita GDP of under US$1,000.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Jaupart P, Dipple L, Dercon S |date=3 December 2019 |title=Has Gavi lived up to its promise? Quasi-experimental evidence on country immunisation rates and child mortality |journal=BMJ Global Health |volume=3 |issue=4 |page=e001789 |doi=10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001789 |pmc=6936423 |pmid=31908857}}</ref>

[[UNICEF]] has reported on the extent to which children missed out on vaccinations from 2020 onwards due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. By summer 2023, the organisation described vaccination programs as getting "back on track".<ref>UNICEF UK, ''Child Matters'', Summer 2023, pp. 10-11</ref>