Editing Urinary tract infection (section)

===Differential diagnosis===
In women with [[cervicitis]] (inflammation of the [[cervix]]) or [[vaginitis]] (inflammation of the [[vagina]]) and in young men with UTI symptoms, a ''[[Chlamydia trachomatis]]'' or ''[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]'' infection may be the cause.<ref name=EM2011/><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Raynor MC, Carson CC | title = Urinary infections in men | journal = The Medical Clinics of North America | volume = 95 | issue = 1 | pages = 43–54 | date = January 2011 | pmid = 21095410 | doi = 10.1016/j.mcna.2010.08.015 }}</ref> These infections are typically classified as a [[urethritis]] rather than a urinary tract infection. Vaginitis may also be due to a [[candidal vulvovaginitis|yeast infection]].<ref name=Book2011>{{cite book| vauthors = Hui D | veditors = Leung A, Padwal R |title=Approach to internal medicine : a resource book for clinical practice|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4419-6504-2|page=244 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lnXNpj5ZzKMC&pg=PA244 |edition=3rd |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520142217/https://books.google.com/books?id=lnXNpj5ZzKMC&pg=PA244|archive-date=20 May 2016|date=15 January 2011}}</ref> [[Interstitial cystitis]] (chronic pain in the bladder) may be considered for people who experience multiple episodes of UTI symptoms but urine cultures remain negative and not improved with antibiotics.<ref>{{cite book| veditors = Kursh ED, Ulchaker JC |title=Office urology|year=2000|publisher=Humana Press|location=Totowa, N.J.|isbn=978-0-89603-789-2|page=131|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdYs-QwU8KQC&pg=PA131|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504192213/https://books.google.com/books?id=AdYs-QwU8KQC&pg=PA131|archive-date=4 May 2016}}</ref> [[Prostatitis]] (inflammation of the [[prostate]]) may also be considered in the differential diagnosis.<ref>{{cite book | veditors = Mick NW, Peters JR, Egan D, Nadel ES, Walls R, Silvers S |title=Blueprints emergency medicine|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Baltimore, Md.|isbn=978-1-4051-0461-6|page=152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvqaWHi1OTsC&pg=RA1-PA152|edition=2nd|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527135605/https://books.google.com/books?id=NvqaWHi1OTsC&pg=RA1-PA152|archive-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

[[Hemorrhagic cystitis]], characterized by [[hematuria|blood in the urine]], can occur secondary to a number of causes including: infections, [[radiation therapy]], underlying cancer, medications and toxins.<ref name=Keanse2009/> Medications that commonly cause this problem include the [[chemotherapeutic agent]] [[cyclophosphamide]] with rates of 2–40%.<ref name=Keanse2009>{{cite book | veditors = Graham SD, Keane, James TE, Glenn F |title=Glenn's urologic surgery|year=2009|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=9780781791410|page=148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GahMzaKgMKAC&pg=PA148|edition=7th|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424192313/https://books.google.com/books?id=GahMzaKgMKAC&pg=PA148|archive-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> [[Eosinophilic cystitis]] is a rare condition where [[eosinophiles]] are present in the bladder wall.<ref name=Kramer2002/> Signs and symptoms are similar to a bladder infection.<ref name=Kramer2002>{{cite book| veditors = Belman AB, King LR, Kramer SA |title=Clinical pediatric urology |year=2002 |publisher=Dunitz |location=London |isbn=9781901865639 |page=338 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IKexq6xCRmIC&pg=PA338|edition=4.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515140354/https://books.google.com/books?id=IKexq6xCRmIC&pg=PA338|archive-date=15 May 2016}}</ref> Its cause is not entirely clear; however, it may be linked to [[food allergies]], [[infections]], and medications among others.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Popescu OE, Landas SK, Haas GP | title = The spectrum of eosinophilic cystitis in males: case series and literature review | journal = Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine | volume = 133 | issue = 2 | pages = 289–294 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19195972 | doi = 10.5858/133.2.289 }}</ref>