Editing Uralic languages (section)

===Lexicography===
Basic vocabulary of about 200 words, including body parts (e.g. eye, heart, head, foot, mouth), family members (e.g. father, mother-in-law), animals (e.g. viper, partridge, fish), nature objects (e.g. tree, stone, nest, water), basic verbs (e.g. live, fall, run, make, see, suck, go, die, swim, know), basic pronouns (e.g. who, what, we, you, I), numerals (e.g. two, five); derivatives increase the number of common words.

====Selected cognates====

<!-- NOTE TO EDITORS: this is a table of COGNATE WORDS, not simply words of the same meaning across different languages. Cognate words are words that share the same historical origin. Do NOT add any words in this table simply on the basis of their meanings, but only if reliable sources consider them to be cognate with the other words in the row. -->

<!-- ATTENTION! Thank you for caring about the accuracy of Wikipedia. However, please do not add translations. This is a list of words of common origin. For example, it does not matter what is the translation of "to wash" to Finnish, because the Finnish word "pestä" has a different origin from "mõskma", etc., and as such, does not belong to this list. -->

The following is a very brief selection of cognates in basic vocabulary across the Uralic family, which may serve to give an idea of the sound changes involved. This is not a list of translations: cognates have a common origin, but their meaning may be shifted and loanwords may have replaced them.

{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" cellpadding="3"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[Proto-Uralic]]
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[English language|English]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Finnic languages|Finnic]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Sámi languages|Sámi]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Mari language|Mari]]
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Permic languages|Permic]]
! rowspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
! colspan="2" style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF"| [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyed]]
|-
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Võro language|Võro]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Southern Sámi]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Northern Sámi]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Kildin Sámi language|Kildin]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Erzya language|Erzya]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Meadow Mari language|Meadow]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Komi language|Komi]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Northern Mansi|Northern]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Eastern Mansi|Eastern]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Southern Mansi|Southern]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Kazym
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Vakh

! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/tule|*tule]]
| ''<nowiki/>'fire'''
| tuli (tule-) || tuli (tule-) || tuli (tulõ-)
| dålle<br/>{{IPA|[tolːə]}} || dolla || то̄лл<br />{{IPA|[toːlː]}}
| тол<br />{{IPA|[tol]}}
| тул<br />{{IPA|[tul]}}
| тыв (тыл-)<br />{{IPA|[tɯʋ]}} ({{IPA|[tɯl-]}}) || тыл<br />{{IPA|[tɯl]}}
| tűz
| - || тав, тов || (täuˈt)
| тўт || tez
| ту<br />{{IPA|[tu]}}
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/wete|*wete]]
| ''<nowiki/>'water'''
| vesi<br/>(vete-) || vesi<br/>(vee-) || vesi<br/>(vii-)
| – || – || –
| ведь<br />{{IPA|[vedʲ]}}
| вӱд<br />{{IPA|[βyd]}}
| ва<br />{{IPA|[ʋa]}} || ву<br />{{IPA|[ʋu]}}
| víz
| вит <br/>{{IPA|[βit]}} || вить || (üt́)
| –
| –
| иˮ<br />{{IPA|[jiʔ]}}
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/jäŋe|*jäŋe]]
| ''<nowiki/>'ice'''
| jää || jää || ijä
| jïenge<br/>{{IPA|[jɨeŋə]}} || jiekŋa || ӣӈӈ <br />{{IPA|[jiːŋː]}}
| эй<br />{{IPA|[ej]}}
| и<br />{{IPA|[i]}}
| йи<br />{{IPA|[ji]}} || йӧ<br />{{IPA|[jɘ]}}
| jég
| я̄ӈк <br />{{IPA|[jaːŋk]}} || янгк || (ľɑ̄ŋ)/(ľäŋ)
| йєӈк || jeŋk
| –
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kala|*kala]]
| ''<nowiki/>'fish'''
| kala || kala || kala
| guelie<br/>{{IPA|[kʉelie]}} || guolli || кӯлль <br />{{IPA|[kuːlʲː]}}
| кал<br />{{IPA|[kal]}}
| кол<br />{{IPA|[kol]}}
| – || –
| hal
| хӯл <br />{{IPA|[xuːl]}} || хул || (kho̰l)
| хўԓ || kul
| халя<br />{{IPA|[hʌlʲɐ]}}
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/pesä|*pesä]]
| ''<nowiki/>'nest'''
| pesä || pesa || pesä
| biesie<br/>{{IPA|[piesie]}} || beassi || пе̄ссь <br />{{IPA|[pʲi͜esʲː~pʲeːsʲː]}}
| пизэ<br />{{IPA|[pize]}}
| пыжаш<br />{{IPA|[pəʒaʃ]}}
| поз<br />{{IPA|[poz]}} || пуз<br />{{IPA|[puz]}}
| fészek
| пити <br />{{IPA|[pitʲi]}} || пить аня || (pit́ī)
| – || pĕl
| пидя<br />{{IPA|[pʲidʲɐ]}}
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/käte|*käte]]
| ''<nowiki/>'hand, arm'''
| käsi (käte-) || käsi (käe-) || käsi (käe-)
| gïete<br/>{{IPA|[kɨedə]}} || giehta || кӣдт <br />{{IPA|[kʲiːd̥ː]}}
| кедь<br />{{IPA|[kedʲ]}}
| кид<br />{{IPA|[kid]}}
| ки<br />{{IPA|[ki]}} || ки<br />{{IPA|[ki]}}
| kéz/kar
| ка̄т <br />{{IPA|[kaːt]}} || кат, коат || (kät)
| – || köt
| –
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/śilmä|*śilmä]]
| ''<nowiki/>'eye'''
| silmä || silm (silma-) || silm (silmä-)
| tjelmie<br/>{{IPA|[t͡ʃɛlmie]}} || čalbmi || чалльм <br />{{IPA|[t͡ʃalʲːm]}}
| сельме<br />{{IPA|[sʲelʲme]}}
| шинча<br />{{IPA|[ʃint͡ɕa]}}
| син (синм-)<br />{{IPA|[ɕin]}} ({{IPA|[ɕinm-]}} || син (синм-)<br />{{IPA|[ɕin]}} ({{IPA|[ɕinm-]}}
| szem
| сам <br />{{IPA|[sam]}} || сам || (šøm)
| сєм || sem
| сэв<br />{{IPA|[sæw(ə̥)]}}
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/süle|*süle]]
| ''<nowiki/>'fathom'''
| syli (syle-) || süli (süle-) || –
| sïlle<br/>{{IPA|[sʲɨllə]}} || salla || сэ̄лл <br />{{IPA|[sɛːlː]}}
| сэль<br />{{IPA|[selʲ]}}
| шӱлӧ<br />{{IPA|[ʃylø]}}
| сыв (сыл-)<br />{{IPA|[sɯʋ]}} ({{IPA|[sɯl-]}} || сул<br />{{IPA|[sul]}}
| öl(el) <!-- "öl" as in "lap", not "kill"; made clear by adding verbal derivative -->
| тал <br/>{{IPA|[tal]}} || тал  || (täl)
| ԓăԓ || lö̆l
| тибя<br />{{IPA|[tʲibʲɐ]}}
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/sëne|*sëne]]
| ''<nowiki/>'vein / sinew'''
| suoni (suone-) || soon (soone-) || suuń (soonõ-)
| soene<br/>{{IPA|[suonə]}} || suotna || | сӯнн <br />{{IPA|[suːnː]}}
| сан<br />{{IPA|[san]}}
| шӱн<br />{{IPA|[ʃyn]}}
| сӧн<br />{{IPA|[sɘn]}} || сӧн<br />{{IPA|[sɘn]}}
| ín/ér
| та̄н <br/>{{IPA|[taːn]}} || тан  || (tɛ̮̄n)/(tǟn)
| ԓон || lan
| тэʼ<br />{{IPA|[tɤʔ]}}
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/luwe|*luwe]]
| ''<nowiki/>'bone'''
| luu || luu || luu
| – || – || –
| ловажа<br />{{IPA|[lovaʒa]}}
| лу<br />{{IPA|[lu]}}
| лы<br />{{IPA|[lɯ]}} || лы<br />{{IPA|[lɯ]}}
| – <!--Not cognate: csont-->
| лув <br/>{{IPA|[luβ]}} || ласм (?) || (täuˈt)
| ԓўв || lŏγ
| лы <br/>{{IPA|[lɨ]}}
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/were|*were]]
| ''<nowiki/>'blood'''
| veri (vere-) || veri (vere-) || veri (vere-)
| vïrre<br/>{{IPA|[vʲɨrrə]}} || varra || вэ̄рр <br />{{IPA|[vɛːrː]}}
| верь<br />{{IPA|[verʲ]}}
| вӱр<br />{{IPA|[βyr]}}
| вир<br />{{IPA|[ʋir]}} || вир<br />{{IPA|[ʋir]}}
| vér
| - || выр (?) || (ūr)
| вўр
| wər
| –
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mëksa|*mëksa]]
| ''<nowiki/>'liver'''
| maksa || maks (maksa-) || mass (massa-)
| mueksie<br/>{{IPA|[mʉeksie]}} || – || –
| максо<br />{{IPA|[makso]}}
| мокш<br />{{IPA|[mokʃ]}}
| мус (муск-)<br />{{IPA|[mus]}} ({{IPA|[musk-]}} || мус (муск-)<br />{{IPA|[mus]}} ({{IPA|[musk-]}}
| máj
| ма̄йт <br/>{{IPA|[maːjt]}} || мяйт || (majət)
| мухәԓ || muγəl
| мыд<br />{{IPA|[mɨd(ə̥)]}}
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kuńśe|*kuńśe]]
| ''<nowiki/>'urine' /<br />'to urinate'''
| kusi (kuse-) || kusi (kuse-) || kusi (kusõ-)
| gadtjedh<br/>(gadtje-)<br/>{{IPA|[kɑdd͡ʒə]}}- || gožžat<br/>(gožža-) || коннч <br />{{IPA|[koɲːt͡ʃ]}}
| –
| кыж<br />{{IPA|[kəʒ]}}
| кудз<br />{{IPA|[kud͡ʑ]}} || кызь<br />{{IPA|[kɯʑ]}}
| húgy
| хуньсь<br/>{{IPA|[xunʲɕ]}} || хос-вить || (kho̰ś-üt́)
| (xŏs-) || kŏs-
| –
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mene-|*mene-]]
| ''<nowiki/>'to go'''
| mennä (mene-) || minema (mine-) || minemä (mine-)
| mïnnedh<br/>{{IPA|[mʲɨnnə]}}- || mannat || мэ̄ннэ <br />{{IPA|[mɛːnːɛ]}}
| –
| мияш (мий-)<br />{{IPA|[mijaʃ]}} ({{IPA|[mij-]}})
| мунны (мун-)<br />{{IPA|[munnɯ]}} ({{IPA|[mun-]}}) || мыныны (мын-)<br />{{IPA|[mɯnɯnɯ]}} ({{IPA|[mɯn-]}})
| menni
| минуӈкве <br/>{{IPA|[minuŋkʷe]}} || мыных || (mińo̰ŋ)
| мăнты || mĕn-
| минзь (мин-)<br />{{IPA|[mʲinzʲ(ə̥)]}} ({{IPA|[mʲin-]}})
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/elä-|*elä-]]
| ''<nowiki/>'to live'''
| elää (elä-) || elama (ela-) || elämä (elä-)
| jieledh<br/>{{IPA|[jielə]}} || eallit || е̄лле [ji͜elʲːe~jeːlʲːe]
| ? эрямс (эря-) <br />{{IPA|[erʲams]}} ({{IPA|[erʲa-]}})
| илаш (ила-)<br />{{IPA|[ilaʃ]}} ({{IPA|[il-]}})
| овны (ол-)<br />{{IPA|[oʋnɯ]}} ({{IPA|[ol-]}}) || улыны (ул-)<br />{{IPA|[ulɯnɯ]}} ({{IPA|[ul-]}})
| élni
| ялтуӈкве<br/>{{IPA|[jaltuŋkʷe]}} || ялтых || (ilto̰ŋ)
| – || –
| илесь (иль-)<br />{{IPA|[jilʲesʲ(ə̥)]}} ({{IPA|[jilʲ-]}})
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/kale-|*kale-]]
| ''<nowiki/>'to die'''
| kuolla (kuole-) || koolma (koole-) (dialectal)|| kuulma (koolõ-)
| – || – || –
| куломс (кул-)<br />{{IPA|[kuloms]}} ({{IPA|[kul-]}})
| колаш (кол-)<br />{{IPA|[kolaʃ]}} ({{IPA|[kol-]}})
| кувны (кул-)<br />{{IPA|[kuʋnɯ]}} ({{IPA|[kul-]}}) || кулыны (кул-)<br />{{IPA|[kulɯnɯ]}} ({{IPA|[kul-]}})
| halni
| - || - || (khåləŋ)
| хăԓты || kăla-
| хась (ха-)<br />{{IPA|[hʌsʲ(ə̥)]}} ({{IPA|[hʌ-]}})
|-
! style="background-color: #E0E0FF" | [[wiktionary:Reconstruction:Proto-Uralic/mośke-|*mośke-]]
| ''<nowiki/>'to wash'''
| –<!-- pestä is not a cognate. Do not show it on this table. -->|| – <!-- pesema is not a cognate. Do not show it on this table. --> || mõskma (mõsk(õ)-)
| – || – || –
| муськемс (муськ-)<br />{{IPA|[musʲkems]}} ({{IPA|[musʲk-]}})
| мушкаш (мушк-)<br />{{IPA|[muʃkaʃ]}} ({{IPA|[muʃk-]}})
| мыськыны (мыськ-)<br />{{IPA|[mɯɕkɯnɯ]}} ({{IPA|[mɯɕk-]}}) || миськыны (миськ-)<br />{{IPA|[miɕkɯnɯ]}} ({{IPA|[miɕk-]}})
| mosni
| – || - || -
| – || – 
| масась (мас-)<br />{{IPA|[mʌsəsʲ(ə̥)]}} ({{IPA|[mʌs-]}})
|}

Orthographical notes: The hacek denotes postalveolar articulation ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, {{angbr|š}} {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, {{angbr|č}} {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}) (In Northern Sámi, ({{angbr|ž}} {{IPA|[dʒ]}}), while the acute denotes a secondary palatal articulation ({{angbr|ś}} {{IPA|[sʲ ~ ɕ]}}, {{angbr|ć}} {{IPA|[tsʲ ~ tɕ]}}, {{angbr|l}} {{IPA|[lʲ]}}) or, in Hungarian, vowel length. The Finnish letter {{angbr|y}} and the letter {{angbr|ü}} in other languages represent the high rounded vowel {{IPA|[y]}}; the letters {{angbr|ä}} and {{angbr|ö}} are the front vowels {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}.
<!--(based on the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' and Hakkinen 1979)
{| border="1" style="border-collapse: collapse" class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[English language|English]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Northern Sámi]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Mari language|Mari]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Komi language|Komi]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
! style="background-color: #EFEFFF" | Finno-Ugric reconstruction
|-
| heart
| {{IPA|sydän, ''sydäm''-}}
| {{IPA|süda, ''südam''-}}
| –
| {{IPA|šüm}}
| {{IPA|śələm}}
| {{IPA|səm}}
| {{IPA|szív}}
| {{IPA|*śüδä(-mɜ) (*śiδä(-mɜ))}}
|-
| louse
| {{IPA|täi}}
| {{IPA|täi}}
| {{IPA|dihkki}}
| {{IPA|tij}}
| {{IPA|toj}}
| {{IPA|tögtəm}}
| {{IPA|tetű}}
| {{IPA|*täje}}
|}-->

As is apparent from the list, Finnish is the most conservative of the Uralic languages presented here, with nearly half the words on the list above identical to their Proto-Uralic reconstructions and most of the remainder only having minor changes, such as the conflation of *ś into /s/, or widespread changes such as the loss of *x and alteration of *ï. Finnish has also preserved old Indo-European borrowings relatively unchanged. (An example is ''porsas'' ("pig"), loaned from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*porḱos'' or pre-[[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] ''*porśos'', unchanged since loaning<!--NB the Uralic proto-form is *porśas--> save for loss of [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]], *ś > s.<!--Another well-known example is ''kuningas'' ("king"), a loan from the [[Proto-Germanic language|Proto-Germanic]] ''*kuniŋgaz'', again preserved unchanged since loaning except for an assimilation *ŋg > {{IPA|/ŋː/}}, contrary to any of the [[Germanic languages]].-->)

====Mutual intelligibility====
The Estonian philologist [[Mall Hellam]] proposed cognate sentences that she asserted to be mutually intelligible among the three most widely spoken Uralic languages: Finnish, Estonian, and Hungarian:<ref name="Economist">{{citation |title = The Finno-Ugrics: The dying fish swims in water |newspaper = [[The Economist]] |pages = 73–74 |date = December 24, 2005 – January 6, 2006 |url = https://www.economist.com/special-report/2005/12/20/the-dying-fish-swims-in-water |access-date=2013-01-19}}</ref>

*{{langx|et|Elav kala ujub vee all}}.
*{{langx|fi|Elävä kala ui veden alla}}.
*{{langx|hu|Eleven hal úszik a víz alatt}}.
*{{langx|en|A living fish swims underwater}}.

However, linguist [[Geoffrey Pullum]] reports that neither Finns nor Hungarians could understand the other language's version of the sentence.<ref>{{citation|last=Pullum|first=Geoffrey K.|author-link=Geoffrey Pullum|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002729.html|title=The Udmurtian code: saving Finno-Ugric in Russia|date=2005-12-26|access-date=2009-12-21|work=[[Language Log]]}}</ref>