Editing Universalism (section)

===Islam===
{{Further|Ummah|Divisions of the world in Islam|People of the Book|Dhimmi|Dawah|}}
{{Original research|date=June 2018}}
Islam recognizes to a certain extent the validity of the [[Abrahamic religions]], the [[Quran]] identifying Jews, Christians, and "[[Sabians|Sabi'un]]" (usually taken as a reference to the [[Mandaeans]]) as "people of the Book" (''ahl al-kitab''). Later Islamic theologians expanded this definition to include [[Zoroastrians]], and later even Hindus, as the early Islamic empire brought many people professing these religions under its dominion, but the Qur'an explicitly identifies only Jews, Christians, and [[Sabians]] as People of the Book.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crone|first=Patricia|title=God's Rule: Government and Islam: Six Centuries of Medieval Islamic Political Thought|year=2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13291-6|page=472}}</ref>{{Request quotation|date=November 2015}}<sup>, </sup><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lapidus|first1=Ira M.|title=Ira M. Lapidus|date=2014|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521514309|page=1000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJNBAAAQBAJ&q=A+History+of+Islamic+Societies}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2015}}<sup>, </sup><ref name="Karsh 2007 304">{{cite book|last1=Karsh|first1=Efraim|title=Islamic Imperialism: A History|date=2007|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=9780300122633|page=304 |url=http://www.ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Islamic%20Imperialism_A%20History_2nd%20Ed_Karsh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215112417/http://ahandfulofleaves.org/documents/Islamic%20Imperialism_A%20History_2nd%20Ed_Karsh.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 15, 2015}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2015}} The relation between Islam and universalism has assumed crucial importance in the context of [[political Islam]] or [[Islamism]], particularly in reference to [[Sayyid Qutb]], a leading member of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] movement, and one of the key contemporary philosophers of Islam.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mura |first=Andrea |year=2014 |title=The Inclusive Dynamics of Islamic Universalism: From the Vantage Point of Sayyid Qutb's Critical Philosophy |journal=Comparative Philosophy |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=29–54 |issn=2151-6014|doi=10.31979/2151-6014(2014).050106 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

There are several views within Islam with respect to Universalism. According to the most inclusive teachings all peoples of the book have a chance of salvation. For example, Surah 2:62 states: {{blockquote|Indeed, the believers, Jews, Christians, and Sabians—whoever ˹truly˺ believes in Allah and the Last Day and does good will have their reward with their Lord. And there will be no fear for them, nor will they grieve.|{{qref|2|62|c=y}}}}

However, the most exclusive teachings disagree. For example, Surah 9:5 states:{{blockquote|But once the Sacred Months have passed, kill the polytheists ˹who violated their treaties˺ wherever you find them, capture them, besiege them, and lie in wait for them on every way. But if they repent, perform prayers, and pay alms-tax, then set them free. Indeed, Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.|{{qref|9|5|c=y}}}}

The interpretation of all of these passages are hotly contested amongst various schools of thought and branches of Islam as is the doctrine of abrogation (''[[Naskh (tafsir)|naskh]]'') which is used to determine which verses take precedence, based on reconstructed chronology, with later verses superseding earlier ones. The ahadith also play a major role in this, and different schools of thought assign different weightings and rulings of authenticity to different hadith, with the four schools of Sunni thought accepting the Six Authentic Collections, generally along with the [[Muwatta Imam Malik]]. Depending on the level of acceptance of rejection of certain traditions, the interpretation of the Koran can be changed immensely, from the Qur'anists who reject the ahadith, to the ''ahl al-hadith'', who hold the entirety of the traditional collections in great reverence.

Some Islamic scholars<ref name="Ibn Kathir 2000 6608">{{cite book|last=Ibn Kathir|first=Ismail (1301-1373)|title=Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Aziz (Tafsir Ibn Kathir)|year=2000|publisher=Maktaba Darussalam|location=Riyadh, Saudi Arabia|isbn=978-1-59144-020-8|page=6608|edition=English Abridged|editor=Sheikh Safiur-Rahman Al-Mubarakpuri|language=en, ar}}</ref><ref name="khalil">{{cite web|url=http://english.islamway.com/bindex.php?section=article&id=211|title=Dar Al-Islam And Dar Al-Harb: Its Definition and Significance|publisher=IslamWay (English)|date=2002-05-27|access-date=2015-05-12|last=Khalil|first=Ahmed}}</ref> view the world as bipartite, consisting of the House of Islam, that is, where people live under the [[Sharia]];<ref name="khalil"/> and the House of War, that is, where the people do not live under Sharia, which must be proselytized<ref name="khalil"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Ye'or|first=Bat|title=The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam|year=1985|publisher=Farleign Dickinson University Press |page=444|isbn=978-0838632628}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ye'or|first=Bat|title=The Decline of Eastern Christianity Under Islam: From Jihad to Dhimmitude: 7th–20th Centuries |publisher=Farleigh Dickinson University Press|isbn=978-0-8386-3688-6|page=522|year=1996}}</ref> using whatever resources available, including, in some traditionalist and conservative interpretations,<ref name="ReferenceA">Ibn Kathir's Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Aziz</ref> the use of violence, as holy struggle in the path of God,<ref name="Karsh 2007 304"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>Sayyid Qutb ''Milestones''</ref> to either convert its inhabitants to Islam, or to rule them under the Shariah (cf. [[dhimmi]]).<ref>{{cite book|last=Durie |first=Mark|title=The Third Choice: Islam, Dhimmitude and Freedom|year=2010|publisher=Deror Books|isbn=978-0-9807223-1-4|page=288}}</ref>