Editing Ulmus americana (section)

=== Notable trees ===
{{Further|List of elm trees#American Elm Ulmus americana|l1=List of American elm trees}}
A number of mostly small to medium-sized American elms now survive in woodlands, suburban areas, and occasionally cities, where the survivors have often been relatively isolated from other elms and thus spared a severe exposure to the fungus. For example, in Central Park and [[Tompkins Square Park]] in [[New York City]], stands of several large elms originally planted by [[Frederick Law Olmsted]] survive because of their isolation from neighboring areas in New York where there had been heavy mortality.<ref name=Barnard>{{cite book|last=Barnard|first= Edward S. |year=2002|title=New York City Trees|url=https://archive.org/details/newyorkcitytrees00barn|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher= Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-2311-2835-3}}</ref> The Olmsted-designed park system in [[Buffalo, New York]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buffaloah.com/a/archs/ov/bev/index.html|title=Buffalo's Park and Parkway System|publisher=Buffalo Architecture and History|first=Charles|last=Beveridge|access-date=December 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041513/http://buffaloah.com/a/archs/ov/bev/index.html|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> did not fare as well.

A row of mature American elms lines Central Park along the entire length of Fifth Avenue from 59th to 110th Streets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/opinion/sunday/in-the-treetops-a-winter-gift.html?_r=1|title=In the Treetops, a Winter Gift|last=Trebay|first=Guy|newspaper=New York Times|date=February 22, 2014|access-date=December 23, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222152007/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/23/opinion/sunday/in-the-treetops-a-winter-gift.html?_r=1|archive-date=December 22, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In [[Akron, Ohio]], there is a very old elm tree that has not been infected. In historical areas of [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]], there are also a few mature American elms still standing&nbsp;— notably in [[Independence Hall|Independence Square]] and the Quadrangle at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], and also at the nearby campuses of [[Haverford College]], [[Swarthmore College]], and [[Pennsylvania State University]], believed to be the largest remaining stand in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.post-gazette.com/news/state/2013/08/11/Saving-the-nation-s-green-giants-Tall-lush-trees/stories/201308110133|title=Saving the Nation's Green Giants: Tall, Lush Trees|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|last=Templeton|first=David|date=August 11, 2013|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216164718/http://www.post-gazette.com/news/state/2013/08/11/Saving-the-nation-s-green-giants-Tall-lush-trees/stories/201308110133|archive-date=December 16, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are several large American Elm trees in western Massachusetts. A large specimen, which stands on Summer Street in the [[Berkshire County, Massachusetts|Berkshire County]] town of [[Lanesborough, Massachusetts]], has been kept alive by antifungal treatments. [[Rutgers University]] has preserved 55 mature elms on and in the vicinity of [[Voorhees Mall]] on the College Avenue Campus in [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]] in addition to seven disease-resistant trees that have been planted in this area of the campus in recent years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/news-releases/2008/archivefolder.2008-02-11.2860899469/voorhees-mall-elms-a-20080508|title=Voorhees Mall Elms Add to Commencement's Ambience|publisher=Rutgers University|last=Manas|first=Steve|date=May 8, 2008|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930051029/http://news.rutgers.edu/medrel/news-releases/2008/archivefolder.2008-02-11.2860899469/voorhees-mall-elms-a-20080508|archive-date=2011-09-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The largest surviving urban forest of American elms in North America is believed to be in the city of [[Winnipeg, Manitoba]], Canada, where close to 200,000 elms remain. The city of Winnipeg spends $3 million annually to aggressively combat the disease utilizing [[Dursban]] Turf<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.winnipeg.ca/cms/bugline/news_releases/pdfs/2009/Elm%20Bark%20Beetle%20Program%20Commences%20August%207%202009.pdf|publisher=City of Winnipeg|title=Elm Bark Beetle Control Program|date=August 7, 2009|access-date=December 24, 2014}}{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> and the [[Dutch Trig]] vaccine,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.themanitoban.com/articles/22860|title=Dutch Elm Vaccine Tested In Winnipeg|date=November 17, 2009|last=Rumbolt|first=Colin|publisher=The Manitoban|access-date=December 24, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929134827/http://www.themanitoban.com/articles/22860|archive-date=September 29, 2011}}</ref> losing 1,500–4,000 trees per year.

Governmental agencies, educational institutions or other organizations in most of the states that are within the United States maintain lists of champion or big trees that describe the locations and characteristics of those states' largest American elm trees (see [[List of elm trees#State champion American elm trees|List of state champion American elm trees]]). The current U.S. national champion American elm tree is located in [[Iberville Parish, Louisiana]]. When measured in 2010, the tree had a trunk circumference of {{convert|324|in|cm|abbr=on|order=flip}}, a height of {{convert|111|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} and an average crown spread of {{convert|79|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref>(1) {{cite web|publisher=American Forests|year=2012|title=The 2012 National Register of Big Trees|url=http://www.americanforests.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Fall-2012-NRBT_website.pdf|access-date=December 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315145207/http://www.americanforests.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Fall-2012-NRBT_website.pdf|archive-date=March 15, 2013|url-status=live}}<br/>(2) {{cite web|url=https://www.laforestry.com/champion-trees-in-louisiana|title=Champion Louisiana Trees|location=[[Alexandria, Louisiana]]|publisher=Louisiana Forestry Association|access-date=November 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191125220514/https://www.laforestry.com/champion-trees-in-louisiana|archive-date=November 25, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The current [[The Tree Register|Tree Register of the British Isles]] (TROBI) champion grows in [[Avondale Forest]] near [[Rathdrum, County Wicklow|Rathdrum]], [[County Wicklow]], Ireland. The tree had a height of {{convert|22.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a dbh of {{convert|98|cm|in|abbr=on}} (circumference of {{convert|308|cm|abbr=on|disp=or}}) when measured in 2000.<ref name=Johnson>{{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Owen|author-link=Owen Johnson (dendrologist)|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KZuAAACAAJ|title=Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland: The Tree Register Handbook|oclc=1023259931|isbn=9781842464526|location=[[Kew]]|publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens]]|access-date=November 28, 2020|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The tree replaced on the register a larger champion located in Woodvale Cemetery in [[Sussex]], England, which in 1988 had a height of {{convert|27|m|ft}} and a diameter of {{convert|115|cm|in|abbr=on}} or circumference of {{convert|361|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite book|first1=A. F.|last1=Mitchell|first2=V. E.|last2=Hallett|first3=J. E. J.|last3=White|url=https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/research/archive-champion-trees-in-the-british-isles-3rd-edition/|title=Forestry Commission Field Book 10: Champion Trees in the British Isles|page=20|isbn=0117102865|oclc=22783386|location=London|publisher=[[Office of Public Sector Information|Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO)]]|edition=3rd|year=1990|access-date=November 25, 2019|via=[[Forestry Commission#Forest Research|Forest Research]]|archive-date=November 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126000023/https://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/research/archive-champion-trees-in-the-british-isles-3rd-edition/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A prime example of the species was the Sauble Elm,<ref>(1) {{cite web |title=The Lord of the Elms |url=http://www.flyingsquirrels.com/sauble_elm/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711013315/http://www.flyingsquirrels.com/sauble_elm/ |archive-date=July 11, 2011 |work=Spare The Axe, Save The Tree |publisher=flyingsquirrels.com}}<br />(2) {{cite web |title=Of Elms and Orioles |url=http://www.emmitsburg.net/nfs/articles/re/2008/elms.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141217174100/http://www.emmitsburg.net/nfs/articles/re/2008/elms.htm |archive-date=December 17, 2014 |access-date=December 15, 2014 |publisher=Emmitsburg News-Journal: The New Forest Society}}</ref> which grew beside the banks of the [[Sauble River (Ontario)|Sauble River]] in [[Ontario]], Canada, to a height of 43&nbsp;m (140&nbsp;ft), with a dbh of {{Convert|196|cm|abbr=on}} before succumbing to DED; when it was felled in 1968, a tree-ring count established that it had germinated in 1701. Other large or otherwise significant American elm trees have included:

==== Treaty Elm ====
[[File:Treaty of Penn with Indians by Benjamin West.jpg|thumb|right|300px|William Penn and Indians with treaty under a large elm in 1683, as shown in a painting by [[Benjamin West]]]]
The Treaty Elm, [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. In what is now [[Penn Treaty Park]], the founder of [[Pennsylvania]], [[William Penn]], is said to have entered into a treaty of peace in 1683 with the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|native]] [[Lenape]] Turtle Clan under a picturesque elm tree immortalized in a painting by [[Benjamin West]]. West made the tree, already a local landmark, famous by incorporating it into his painting after hearing legends (of unknown veracity) about the tree being the location of the treaty. No documentary evidence exists of any treaty Penn signed beneath a particular tree. On March 6, 1810 a great storm blew the tree down. Measurements taken at the time showed it to have a circumference of {{convert|24|ft|m}}, and its age was estimated to be 280 years. Wood from the tree was made into furniture, canes, walking sticks and various trinkets that Philadelphians kept as relics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haverford.edu/arboretum/collections/penn_treaty_elm.php|title=Penn Treaty Elm|publisher=Haverford College Arboretum|access-date=December 28, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227191052/http://www.haverford.edu/arboretum/collections/penn_treaty_elm.php|archive-date=December 27, 2014}}</ref>

==== Washington Elm (Massachusetts) ====
The [[Washington Elm]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]]. [[George Washington]] is said to have taken command of the American [[Continental Army]] under the Washington Elm in Cambridge on July 3, 1775. The tree survived until the 1920s and "was thought to be a survivor of the primeval forest". In 1872, a large branch fell from it and was used to construct a pulpit for a nearby church.<ref name=questions>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ML3jtMUzRZgC&q=%22famous+elm%22+connecticut&pg=PA18|last=Platt|first=Rutherford|title=1001 Questions Answered About Trees|year=1992|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|page=19|isbn=0-486-27038-6|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506081057/https://books.google.com/books?id=ML3jtMUzRZgC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=%22famous+elm%22+connecticut&source=web&ots=YoksN8RYD3&sig=1SBMyu0JpMgGDSa75HP4K7DPcvU#PPA20,M1|archive-date=May 6, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The tree, an American white elm, became a celebrated attraction, with its own plaque, a fence constructed around it and a road moved in order to help preserve it.<ref name="wash">{{cite web|url=http://www.arthurleej.com/a-Olympia.html|title=Arthur Lee Jacobson: Trees of the Washington State Capitol Campus|first=Arthur Lee|last=Jacobson|access-date=October 7, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001004401/http://www.arthurleej.com/a-Olympia.html|archive-date=October 1, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The tree was cut down (or fell&mdash;sources differ) in October 1920 after an expert determined it was dead.

The city of Cambridge had plans for it to be "carefully cut up and a piece sent to each state of the country and to the District of Columbia and Alaska," according to ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=174121|title=Big Day for Curio Hunter When Famous Elm is Cut|work=The Harvard Crimson|publisher=Harvard University|date= October 23, 1920|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604214311/http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1923/10/20/big-day-for-curio-hunter-when/|archive-date=June 4, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> As late as the early 1930s, garden shops advertised that they had cuttings of the tree for sale, although the accuracy of the claims has been doubted. A Harvard "professor of plant anatomy" examined the tree rings days after the tree was felled and pronounced it between 204 and 210 years old, making it at most 62 years old when Washington took command of the troops at Cambridge. The tree would have been a little more than two feet in diameter (at 30&nbsp;inches above ground) in 1773.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/391.pdf|last=Jack|first=J. G.|title=The Cambridge Washington Elm|work=Bulletin of Popular Information|publisher=Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University|date=December 10, 1931|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053148/http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/391.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1896, an alumnus of the [[University of Washington]], obtained a rooted cutting of the Cambridge tree and sent it to Professor Edmund Meany at the university. The cutting was planted, cuttings were then taken from it, including one planted on February 18, 1932, the 200th anniversary of the birth of George Washington, for whom Washington state is named. That tree remains on the campus of the Washington State Capitol. Just to the west of the tree is a small elm from a cutting made in 1979.<ref name="wash" />

==== Washington Elm (District of Columbia) ====
George Washington's Elm, [[Washington, D.C.]] George Washington supposedly had a favorite spot under an elm tree near the United States Capitol Building from which he would watch construction of the building. The elm stood near the Senate wing of the Capitol building until 1948.<ref name=questions/>

==== Logan Elm ====
The [[Logan Elm]] that stood near [[Circleville, Ohio]], was one of the largest American elms in the world. The {{convert|65|ft|m|adj=mid|-tall}} tree had a trunk circumference of {{convert|24|ft}} and a crown spread of {{convert|180|ft}}.<ref name="LoganElm">{{cite web|title=The Logan Elm|url=http://www.over-land.com/st_loganelm.html|publisher=Over-land|access-date=October 6, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927075805/http://www.over-land.com/st_loganelm.html|archive-date=September 27, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Weakened by DED, the tree died in 1964 from storm damage.<ref name=LoganElm /> The [[Ohio Historical Society|Logan Elm State Memorial]] commemorates the site and preserves various associated markers and monuments.<ref name="LoganElm" /> According to tradition, [[Chief Logan]] of the [[Mingo]] tribe delivered a passionate speech at a peace-treaty meeting under this elm in 1774.<ref name="LoganElm" /><ref name="LoganElm2">{{cite web|title=The Roots of Tragedy|url=http://www.ohiomagazine.com/Main/Articles/The_Roots_of_Tragedy_4017.aspx|publisher=Ohio Magazine|access-date=December 14, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215050639/http://www.ohiomagazine.com/Main/Articles/The_Roots_of_Tragedy_4017.aspx|archive-date=December 15, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== "Herbie" ====
[[File:'Herbie', Yarmouth, Maine.jpg|thumb|left|An April 21, 2008, picture of Herbie]]
Another notable American elm, named [[Herbie (tree)|Herbie]], was the tallest American elm in New England until it was cut down on January 19, 2010, after it succumbed to DED. Herbie was {{convert|110|ft|m}} tall at its peak and had a circumference of {{convert|20.3|ft|m}}, or a diameter of approximately {{convert|6.5|ft}}. The tree stood in [[Yarmouth, Maine]], where it was cared for by the town's tree warden, Frank Knight.<ref name="Sharp">{{cite web | last=Sharp | first=David | date=January 31, 2010 | title=Do Rings of Herbie the Elm Have Age, Climate Data? | publisher=Boston.com | agency=[[Associated Press]] | url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/01/31/do_rings_of_herbie_the_elm_have_age_climate_data/ | access-date=December 24, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225022415/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2010/01/31/do_rings_of_herbie_the_elm_have_age_climate_data/ | archive-date=December 25, 2014 | url-status=live}}</ref>

When cut down, Herbie was 217 years old. Herbie's wood is of interest to [[Dendroclimatology|dendroclimatologist]]s, who will use cross-sections of the trunk to help answer questions about climate during the tree's lifetime.<ref name="Sharp" />

==== The Glencorradale Elm ====
The Glencorradale Elm on [[Prince Edward Island]], Canada, is a surviving wild elm believed to be several hundred years old.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vre2.upei.ca/cap/node/684| title=The Big Elm|work=[[University of Prince Edward Island|University of Prince Edward Island: Island Narratives Program]]|location=[[Charlottetown]], [[Prince Edward Island]], Canada|publisher=[[University of Prince Edward Island]]|date=September 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911233058/http://vre2.upei.ca/cap/node/684|archive-date=September 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Survivor Tree ====
[[File:The Survivor Tree at the Oklahoma City National Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|The Survivor Tree at the [[Oklahoma City National Memorial]] (2004)]]
An American elm located in a parking lot directly across the street from the [[Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building]] in Oklahoma City survived the [[Oklahoma City bombing]] on April 19, 1995, that killed 168 people and destroyed the Murrah building. Damaged in the blast, with fragments lodged in its trunk and branches, it was nearly cut down in efforts to recover evidence. However, nearly a year later the tree began to bloom. Then known as the Survivor Tree, it became an important part of the [[Oklahoma City National Memorial]], and is featured prominently on the official logo of the memorial.<ref name="Oklahoma City National Memorial">{{cite web|url=http://www.oklahomacitynationalmemorial.org/secondary.php?section=5&catid=120&id=62/|title=Survivor Tree: Witness to Tragedy, Symbol of Strength|publisher=Oklahoma City National Memorial and Museum|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225022021/http://www.oklahomacitynationalmemorial.org/secondary.php?section=5&catid=120&id=62%2F|archive-date=December 25, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==== Parliament Hill Elm ====
The [[Parliament Hill]] Elm was planted in [[Ottawa]], Canada, in the late 1910s or early 1920s when [[Centre Block]] was rebuilt following the Great fire of 1916. The tree grew for approximately a century next to a statue of [[John A. Macdonald]] and was one of the few in the region to survive the spread of DED in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name="Liberals votes against saving Parliament Hill Elm Tree">{{cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/politics/liberals-vote-against-saving-parliament-hill-elm-tree|title=Liberals votes against saving Parliament Hill Elm Tree|newspaper=Nationalpost|publisher=National Post|access-date=April 30, 2019}}</ref> Despite protests from Ottawa area environmentalists and resistance from Opposition [[Members of Parliament]] the tree was removed in April 2019 to make way for new Centre Block renovations.<ref name="Century Old tree cut down on Parliament Hill">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/century-old-tree-cut-down-parliament-hill-1.5097506|title=Century Old tree cut down on Parliament Hill|publisher=CBC News|access-date=April 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503055806/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/century-old-tree-cut-down-parliament-hill-1.5097506|archive-date=May 3, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>