Editing Turtle (section)

===Communication and intelligence===
[[File:Chelodina oblonga 1.jpeg|thumb|The [[oblong turtle]] has a sizable vocal repertoire.<ref name="Glies"/>|alt=Photograph of an oblong turtle]]
{{see also|Animal cognition}}

While popularly thought of as mute, turtles make various sounds to communicate.{{sfn|Pryke|2021|p=39}}<ref name="Ferrara"/> One study which recorded 53 species found that all of them vocalized.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Jorgewich-Cohen|first1=G|display-authors=etal|year=2022|title=Common evolutionary origin of acoustic communication in choanate vertebrates|journal=Nature Communications|volume=13|issue=1|page=6089|doi=10.1038/s41467-022-33741-8|pmid=36284092|pmc=9596459|bibcode=2022NatCo..13.6089J|s2cid=253111242}}</ref> Tortoises may bellow when courting and mating.<ref name="Ferrara"/>{{sfn|Orenstein|2012|p=36}} Various species of both freshwater and sea turtles emit short, low-frequency calls from the time they are in the egg to when they are adults. These vocalizations may serve to create group cohesion when [[Animal migration|migrating]].<ref name="Ferrara">{{cite journal |last1=Ferrara |first1=Camila R. |last2=Vogt |first2=Richard C. |last3=Sousa-Lima |first3=Renata Santoro |year=2012 |title=Turtle Vocalizations as the First Evidence of Posthatching Parental Care in Chelonians |journal=Journal of Comparative Psychology |volume=127 |issue=1 |pages=24–32 |doi=10.1037/a0029656 |pmid=23088649 |url=http://www.seaturtle.org/PDF/FerraraCR_2013_JCompPsychol.pdf |access-date=September 1, 2017 |archive-date=September 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902055618/http://www.seaturtle.org/PDF/FerraraCR_2013_JCompPsychol.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[oblong turtle]] has a particularly large vocal range; producing sounds described as clacks, clicks, squawks, hoots, various kinds of chirps, wails, ''{{Not a typo|hooos}}'', grunts, growls, blow bursts, howls, and drum rolls.<ref name="Glies">{{cite journal |last1=Giles |first1=Jacqueline C. |last2=Davis |first2=Jenny |last3=McCauley |first3=Robert D. |last4=Kuchling |first4=Gerald |year=2009 |title=Voice of the Turtle: The Underwater Acoustic Repertoire of the Long-necked Freshwater Turtle, ''Chelodina oblonga'' |journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America |volume=126 |issue=1 |pages=434–443 |doi=10.1121/1.3148209 |pmid=19603900 |bibcode=2009ASAJ..126..434G |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Play behavior has been documented in some turtle species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Burghardt |first1=Gordon M. |last2=Ward |first2=B. |last3=Rosscoe |first3=Roger |year=1996 |title=Problem of Reptile Play: Environmental Enrichment and Play Behavior in a Captive Nile Softshelled Turtle, ''Trionyx triunguis'' |journal=Zoo Biology |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=223–238 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1996)15:3<223::AID-ZOO3>3.0.CO;2-D }}</ref> In the laboratory, [[Florida red-bellied cooter]]s can learn novel tasks and have demonstrated a long-term memory of at least 7.5&nbsp;months.<ref name="Learning">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=K. M. |last2=Burghardt |first2=Gordon M. |year=2007 |title=Training and Long-term Memory of a Novel Food Acquisition Task in a Turtle (''Pseudemys nelsoni'') |journal=Behavioural Processes |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=225–230 |doi=10.1016/j.beproc.2007.02.021 |pmid=17433570 |s2cid=34130920 }}</ref> Similarly, giant tortoises can learn and remember tasks, and master lessons much faster when trained in groups.<ref>{{cite journal |date=November 29, 2019 |df=dmy-all |author=<!-- no author listed in ''Nature'' article --> |title=Reptiles Known as 'Living Rocks' Show Surprising Cognitive Powers |series=Animal Behaviour |journal=Nature |volume=576 |issue=7785 |page=10 |doi=10.1038/d41586-019-03655-5 |bibcode=2019Natur.576...10.|s2cid=208613023 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Tortoises appear to be able to retain [[operant conditioning]] nine years after their initial training.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gutnick |first1=Tamar |last2=Weissenbacher |first2=Anton |last3=Kuba |first3=Michael J. |date=November 13, 2019 |df=dmy-all |title=The Underestimated Giants: Operant Conditioning, Visual Discrimination and Long-term Memory in Giant Tortoises |journal=Animal Cognition |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=159–167 |doi=10.1007/s10071-019-01326-6 |issn=1435-9456 |pmid=31720927 |s2cid=207962281 |url=http://id.nii.ac.jp/1394/00001487/ }}</ref> Studies have shown that turtles can navigate the environment using landmarks and a map-like system resulting in accurate direct routes towards a goal.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Salas |first1=Cosme |last2=Broglio |first2=Cristina |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Fernando |date=2003 |title=Evolution of Forebrain and Spatial Cognition in Vertebrates: Conservation across Diversity |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/72438 |journal=Brain, Behavior and Evolution |language=english |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=72–82 |doi=10.1159/000072438 |issn=0006-8977 |pmid=12937346|s2cid=23055468 }}</ref> Navigation in turtles have been correlated to high cognition function in the medial cortex region of the brain.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Reiter |first1=Sam |last2=Liaw |first2=Hua-Peng |last3=Yamawaki |first3=Tracy M. |last4=Naumann |first4=Robert K. |last5=Laurent |first5=Gilles |date=2017 |title=On the Value of Reptilian Brains to Map the Evolution of the Hippocampal Formation |url=https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/478693 |journal=Brain, Behavior and Evolution |language=english |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=41–52 |doi=10.1159/000478693 |issn=0006-8977 |pmid=28866680|s2cid=13763864 }}</ref>
[[File:Crested Caracara eating a turtle (16753759877).jpg|thumb|[[Crested caracara]] eating a turtle|alt=Photo of a large bird eating a turtle]]