Editing Tumu Crisis (section)

===Works cited===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bennett |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=04S4YdDarD0C&dq=Tumu+defeat&pg=PA323 |title=The Hutchinson dictionary of ancient & medieval warfare |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=1998 |isbn=1579581161 |location=London and New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brook |first=Timothy |author-link=Timothy Brook |title=The troubled empire: China in the Yuan and Ming dynasties |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-674-04602-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=de Heer |first=Ph. |title=The Care-taker Emperor : Aspects of the Imperial Institution in Fifteenth-century China as Reflected in the Political History of the Reign of Chu Chʾi-yü |publisher=Brill |year=1986 |isbn=9004078983 |location=Leiden}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dardess |first=John W |author-link=John Dardess |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROQVzWT2iiUC&pg=PA31 |title=Ming China, 1368-1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4422-0490-4 |location=Lanham, Maryland}}
* {{Cite book |last=Goodrich |first=L. Carington |author-link=Luther Carrington Goodrich |title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368-1644 |last2=Fang |first2=Chaoying |author-link2=Fang Chao-ying |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1976 |isbn=0-231-03801-1 |volume=1, A–L |location=New York}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nolan |first=Cathal J |title=The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000-1650, Volume 1: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0313337338 |location=Westport, Connecticut; London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mote |first=Frederick W. |author-link=Frederick W. Mote |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialchina9000000mote |title=Imperial China 900-1800 |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-674-01212-7 |location=Cambridge, MA}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Cambridge History of China: The Ming Dynasty 1368–1644, Part 1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1988 |isbn=0-521-24332-7 |editor-last=Twitchett |editor-first=Denis C. |editor-link=Denis Twitchett |volume=7 |editor-last2=Mote |editor-first2=Frederick W. |editor-link2=Frederick W. Mote |location=Cambridge }}
** {{Harvc |c=The Chien-wen, Yung-lo, Hung-hsi, and Hsüan-te reigns |in1=Twitchett |in2=Mote |year=1988 |first=Hok-lam |last=Chan |author-link=Chan Hok-lam |pages=182–304}}
** {{Harvc |c=The Cheng-t'ung, Ching-t'ai, and T'ien-shun reigns, 1436–1464 |in1=Twitchett |in2=Mote |year=1988 |first1=Denis C. |last1=Twitchett |first2=Tilemann |last2=Grimm |author-link1=Denis Twitchett |pages=305–342}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wang |first=Yuan-Kang |title=Harmony and War: Confucian Culture and Chinese Power Politics |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-231-15140-5 |location=New York; Chichester, West Sussex}}
{{Refend}}

{{Ming dynasty topics}}

[[Category:Battles involving Mongolia]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Ming dynasty]]
[[Category:History of the Great Wall of China]]
[[Category:15th century in Mongolia]]
[[Category:1449 in Asia]]
[[Category:15th century in China]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1449]]
[[Category:Huailai County]]
[[Category:Military history of Zhangjiakou]]