Editing Triboelectric effect (section)

=== Powders ===
During commercial powder processing<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Castellanos |first=A. |date=2005 |title=The relationship between attractive interparticle forces and bulk behaviour in dry and uncharged fine powders |journal=Advances in Physics |volume=54 |issue=4 |pages=263–376 |doi=10.1080/17461390500402657 |bibcode=2005AdPhy..54..263C |s2cid=122683411 |issn=0001-8732}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grosshans |first1=Holger |last2=Jantač |first2=Simon |date=2023 |title=Recent progress in CFD modeling of powder flow charging during pneumatic conveying |url= https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1385894722063987 |journal=Chemical Engineering Journal |volume=455 |page=140918 |doi=10.1016/j.cej.2022.140918|arxiv=2212.04915 |bibcode=2023ChEnJ.45540918G |s2cid=254535685 }}</ref> or in natural processes such as dust storms,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rudge |first=W. A. Douglas |date=1912 |title=LXXXI. A note on the electrification of the atmosphere and surface of the earth |url= https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14786440508637281 |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science |volume=23 |issue=137 |pages=852–855 |doi=10.1080/14786440508637281 |issn=1941-5982}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kunkel |first=W. B. |date=1950 |title=The Static Electrification of Dust Particles on Dispersion into a Cloud |url= https://pubs.aip.org/aip/jap/article/21/8/820-832/508449 |journal=Journal of Applied Physics |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=820–832 |doi=10.1063/1.1699765 |bibcode=1950JAP....21..820K |issn=0021-8979}}</ref><ref name=":24" /> triboelectric charge transfer can occur. There can be electric fields of up to 160kV/m with moderate wind conditions, which leads to Coulomb forces of about the same magnitude as gravity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Schmidt |first1=D. S. |last2=Schmidt |first2=R. A. |last3=Dent |first3=J. D. |date=1998 |title=Electrostatic force on saltating sand |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=103 |issue=D8 |pages=8997–9001 |doi=10.1029/98jd00278 |bibcode=1998JGR...103.8997S |issn=0148-0227|doi-access=free }}</ref> There does not need to be air present, significant charging can occur, for instance, on airless planetary bodies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=X. |last2=Schwan |first2=J. |last3=Hsu |first3=H.-W. |last4=Grün |first4=E. |last5=Horányi |first5=M. |date=2016 |title=Dust charging and transport on airless planetary bodies: Electrostatic Dust Transport |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=43 |issue=12 |pages=6103–6110 |doi=10.1002/2016GL069491|s2cid=132181033 |doi-access=free }}</ref> With pharmaceutic powders and other commercial powders the tribocharging needs to be controlled for quality control of the materials and doses. Static discharge is also a particular hazard in [[grain elevator]]s owing to the danger of a [[dust explosion]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glor |first=Martin |date=2009 |title=Ignition source static electricity: Incident investigation |journal=Journal of Electrostatics |volume=67 |issue=2–3 |pages=242–246 |doi=10.1016/j.elstat.2009.01.016 |issn=0304-3886}}</ref> in places that store explosive powders,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lotfzadeh |first1=Habibeh |last2=Khorasanloo |first2=Fatemeh Hemmati |last3=Fathollahi |first3=Manoochehr |date=2020 |title=Reduction of electrostatic charging PETN and HMX explosives by PVP and ionic liquid |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304388620300978 |journal=Journal of Electrostatics |volume=108 |page=103513 |doi=10.1016/j.elstat.2020.103513 |s2cid=224879902 |issn=0304-3886}}</ref> and in many other cases.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sandu |first1=Ioana |url= https://www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics-and-reports/Electrical/RFStaticElectricityIncidentReview.pdf |title=Static Electricity Incident Review |last2=Resticcia |first2=Francesco |publisher=Fire Protection Research Foundation |date=2021 |location=Quincy, Massachusetts}}</ref> Triboelectric powder separation has been discussed as a method of separating powders, for instance different biopolymers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Żenkiewicz |first1=Marian |last2=Żuk |first2=Tomasz |last3=Markiewicz |first3=Ewa |date=2015 |title=Triboelectric series and electrostatic separation of some biopolymers |journal=Polymer Testing |volume=42 |pages=192–198 |doi=10.1016/j.polymertesting.2015.01.009 |issn=0142-9418}}</ref> The principle here is that different degrees of charging can be exploited for electrostatic separation, a general concept for powders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=El-Mouloud Zelmat |first1=Mohamed |last2=Rizouga |first2=Mohamed |last3=Tilmatine |first3=Amar |last4=Medles |first4=Karim |last5=Miloudi |first5=Mohamed |last6=Dascalescu |first6=Lucien |date=2013 |title=Experimental Comparative Study of Different Tribocharging Devices for Triboelectric Separation of Insulating Particles |url= https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6477116 |journal=IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=1113–1118 |doi=10.1109/tia.2013.2251991 |s2cid=16419622 |issn=0093-9994}}</ref>