Editing Triassic–Jurassic extinction event (section)

==== Ocean acidification ====
Oceanic uptake of [[Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit|volcanogenic]] carbon and sulphur dioxide would have led to a significant decrease of seawater pH known as [[ocean acidification]], which is discussed as a relevant driver of marine extinction,<ref name="Hautmann 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Hautmann |first1=Michael |date=28 July 2004 |title=Effect of end-Triassic CO2 maximum on carbonate sedimentation and marine mass extinction |journal=Facies |volume=50 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/s10347-004-0020-y |s2cid=130658467}}</ref><ref name="Green 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Greene |first1=Sarah E. |last2=Martindale |first2=Rowan C. |last3=Ritterbush |first3=Kathleen A. |last4=Bottjer |first4=David J. |last5=Corsetti |first5=Frank A. |last6=Berelson |first6=William M. |date=June 2012 |title=Recognising ocean acidification in deep time: An evaluation of the evidence for acidification across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary |journal=[[Earth-Science Reviews]] |volume=113 |issue=1–2 |pages=72–93 |bibcode=2012ESRv..113...72G |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ikeda |first1=Masayuki |last2=Hori |first2=Rie S. |last3=Okada |first3=Yuki |last4=Nakada |first4=Ryoichi |date=15 December 2015 |title=Volcanism and deep-ocean acidification across the end-Triassic extinction event |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215005568 |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |volume=440 |pages=725–733 |bibcode=2015PPP...440..725I |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.09.046 |issn=0031-0182 |access-date=12 January 2024 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref> acting in conjunction with marine anoxia.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=Calum P. |last2=Whiteside |first2=Jessica H. |last3=Olsen |first3=Paul E. |last4=Cui |first4=Xingqian |last5=Summons |first5=Roger E. |last6=Idiz |first6=Erdem |last7=Grice |first7=Kliti |date=5 January 2022 |title=Two-pronged kill mechanism at the end-Triassic mass extinction |journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]] |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=448–453 |bibcode=2022Geo....50..448F |doi=10.1130/G49560.1 |s2cid=245782726 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11937/90125}}</ref> Additionally, acidification was enhanced and exacerbated by widespread photic zone euxinia, which caused increased rates of organic matter respiration and carbon dioxide release.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kasprak |first1=Alex H. |last2=Sepúlveda |first2=Julio |last3=Price-Waldman |first3=Rosalyn |last4=Williford |first4=Kenneth H. |last5=Schoepfer |first5=Shane D. |last6=Haggart |first6=James W. |last7=Ward |first7=Peter D. |last8=Summons |first8=Roger E. |last9=Whiteside |first9=Jessica H. |date=1 April 2015 |title=Episodic photic zone euxinia in the northeastern Panthalassic Ocean during the end-Triassic extinction |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/43/4/307/131839/Episodic-photic-zone-euxinia-in-the-northeastern?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]] |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=307–310 |bibcode=2015Geo....43..307K |doi=10.1130/G36371.1 |s2cid=132681136 |access-date=10 November 2023 |hdl-access=free |hdl=1721.1/107847}}</ref> Evidence for ocean acidification as an extinction mechanism comes from the preferential extinction of marine organisms with thick aragonitic skeletons and little biotic control of biocalcification (e.g., corals, hypercalcifying sponges),<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Galli |first=Maria Teresa |last2=Jadoul |first2=Flavio |last3=Bernasconi |first3=Stefano M. |last4=Cirilli |first4=Simonetta |last5=Weissert |first5=Helmut |date=9 February 2007 |title=Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironmental analysis of the Triassic–Jurassic transition in the western Southern Alps (Northern Italy) |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S003101820600441X |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=244 |issue=1-4 |pages=52–70 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.06.023 |access-date=19 February 2025 |via=Elsevier Science Direct}}</ref><ref name="Hautmann et al. 2008">{{cite journal |last1=Hautmann |first1=Michael |last2=Benton |first2=Michael J. |last3=Tomašových |first3=Adam |date=1 July 2008 |title=Catastrophic ocean acidification at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary |journal=[[Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie|Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie – Abhandlungen]] |volume=249 |issue=1 |pages=119–127 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2008/0249-0119}}</ref> which resulted in a coral reef collapse<ref name="GeologicalRecordOceanAcid" /><ref name="OceanAcidDepTime" /> and an early Hettangian "coral gap".<ref name="EarlyHettangianCoralGap" /> The decline of megalodontoid bivalves is also attributed to increased seawater acidity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rigo |first1=Manuel |last2=Favero |first2=Marco |last3=Di Stefano |first3=Pietro |last4=Todaro |first4=Simona |date=15 November 2024 |title=Organic carbon isotope (δ13Corg) curve and extinction trends across the Triassic/Jurassic boundary at Mt. Sparagio (Italy): A tool for global correlations between peritidal and pelagic successions |journal=[[Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology]] |language=en |volume=654 |pages=112440 |doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2024.112440 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10447/651193}}</ref> Extensive fossil remains of malformed calcareous nannoplankton, a common sign of significant drops in pH, have also been extensively reported from the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.<ref name="OrganicWalledDisasterSpecies" /> Global interruption of carbonate deposition at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary has been cited as additional evidence for catastrophic ocean acidification.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Črne |first1=Alenka E. |last2=Weissert |first2=Helmut |last3=Goričan |first3=Špela |last4=Bernasconi |first4=Stefano M. |date=1 January 2011 |title=A biocalcification crisis at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary recorded in the Budva Basin (Dinarides, Montenegro) |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/123/1-2/40/125647/A-biocalcification-crisis-at-the-Triassic-Jurassic?redirectedFrom=fulltext |journal=[[Geological Society of America Bulletin]] |volume=123 |issue=1–2 |pages=40–50 |bibcode=2011GSAB..123...40C |doi=10.1130/B30157.1 |access-date=30 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Hautmann 2004" /> Upwardly developing aragonite fans in the shallow subseafloor may also reflect decreased pH, these structures being speculated to have precipitated concomitantly with acidification.<ref name="SubseafloorCarbonateFactory">{{Cite journal |last1=Greene |first1=Sarah E. |last2=Bottjer |first2=David J. |last3=Corsetti |first3=Frank A. |last4=Berelson |first4=William M. |last5=Zonneveld |first5=John-Paul |date=2012-11-01 |title=A subseafloor carbonate factory across the Triassic-Jurassic transition |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/geology/article-abstract/40/11/1043/130752/A-subseafloor-carbonate-factory-across-the |journal=[[Geology (journal)|Geology]] |language=en |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1043–1046 |bibcode=2012Geo....40.1043G |doi=10.1130/G33205.1 |issn=0091-7613 |access-date=19 March 2023}}</ref> In some studied sections, the TJME biocalcification crisis is masked by emersion of carbonate platforms induced by marine regression.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Felber |first1=Roland |last2=Weissert |first2=Helmut J. |last3=Furrer |first3=Heinz |last4=Bontognali |first4=Tomaso R. R. |date=30 July 2015 |title=The Triassic–Jurassic boundary in the shallow-water marine carbonates from the western Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria) |journal=[[Swiss Journal of Geosciences]] |language=en |volume=108 |issue=2–3 |pages=213–224 |doi=10.1007/s00015-015-0192-1 |issn=1661-8726 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.11850/109482}}</ref>