Editing Trade union (section)

=== Politics ===
In the United States, the weakening of unions has been linked to more favourable electoral outcomes for the Republican Party.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Abdul-Razzak|first1=Nour|last2=Prato|first2=Carlo|last3=Wolton|first3=Stephane|date=2020-10-01|title=After Citizens United: How outside spending shapes American democracy|journal=Electoral Studies|language=en|volume=67|page=102190|doi=10.1016/j.electstud.2020.102190|issn=0261-3794|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Macdonald|first=David|date=2020-06-25|title=Labor Unions and White Democratic Partisanship|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-020-09624-3|journal=Political Behavior|volume=43|issue=2|pages=859–879|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11109-020-09624-3|s2cid=220512676|issn=1573-6687}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hertel-Fernandez|first=Alexander|date=2018|title=Policy Feedback as Political Weapon: Conservative Advocacy and the Demobilization of the Public Sector Labor Movement|journal=Perspectives on Politics|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=364–379|doi=10.1017/S1537592717004236|issn=1537-5927|doi-access=free}}</ref> Legislators in areas with high unionization rates are more responsive to the interests of the poor, whereas areas with lower unionization rates are more responsive to the interests of the rich.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Becher|first1=Michael|last2=Stegmueller|first2=Daniel|date=2020|title=Reducing Unequal Representation: The Impact of Labor Unions on Legislative Responsiveness in the U.S. Congress|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/perspectives-on-politics/article/abs/reducing-unequal-representation-the-impact-of-labor-unions-on-legislative-responsiveness-in-the-us-congress/D72A0BDB4EA513DFE988331D5380E8DE|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=19|issue=1 |language=en|pages=92–109|doi=10.1017/S153759272000208X|s2cid=204825962|issn=1537-5927}}</ref> Higher unionization rates increase the likelihood of parental leave policies being adopted.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Engeman|first=Cassandra|date=2020|title=When Do Unions Matter to Social Policy? Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States|journal=Social Forces|volume=99|issue=4|pages=1745–1771|language=en|doi=10.1093/sf/soaa074|doi-access=free}}</ref> Republican-controlled states are less likely to adopt more restrictive labour policies when unions are strong in the state.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bucci|first1=Laura C.|last2=Jansa|first2=Joshua M.|date=2020|title=Who passes restrictive labour policy? A view from the States|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-public-policy/article/abs/who-passes-restrictive-labour-policy-a-view-from-the-states/792280CCB3221C4344149382A76FCB40|journal=Journal of Public Policy|volume=41|issue=3|language=en|pages=409–439|doi=10.1017/S0143814X20000070|s2cid=216258517|issn=0143-814X}}</ref>

Research in the United States found that American congressional representatives were more responsive to the interests of the poor in districts with higher unionization rates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Becher|first1=Michael|last2=Stegmueller|first2=Daniel|date=2020|title=Reducing Unequal Representation: The Impact of Labor Unions on Legislative Responsiveness in the U.S. Congress|journal=Perspectives on Politics|volume=19|issue=1 |language=en|pages=92–109|doi=10.1017/S153759272000208X|issn=1537-5927|doi-access=free}}</ref> Another 2020 American study found an association between US state level adoption of parental leave legislation and trade union strength.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Engeman|first=Cassandra|date=2020|title=When Do Unions Matter to Social Policy? Organized Labor and Leave Legislation in US States|journal=Social Forces|volume=99|issue=4|pages=1745–1771|language=en|doi=10.1093/sf/soaa074|quote=Event history analysis of state-level leave policy adoption from 1983 to 2016 shows that union institutional strength, particularly in the public sector, is positively associated with the timing of leave policy adoption.|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the United States, unions have been linked to lower racial resentment among whites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Frymer|first1=Paul|last2=Grumbach|first2=Jacob M.|title=Labor Unions and White Racial Politics|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/ajps.12537|journal=American Journal of Political Science|year=2020|volume=65|issue=1 |language=en|pages=225–240|doi=10.1111/ajps.12537|s2cid=221245953|issn=1540-5907}}</ref> Membership in unions increases political knowledge, in particular among those with less formal education.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Macdonald|first=David|date=2019-04-29|title=How Labor Unions Increase Political Knowledge: Evidence from the United States|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-019-09548-7|journal=Political Behavior|volume=43|issue=1 |pages=1–24|language=en|doi=10.1007/s11109-019-09548-7|s2cid=159071392|issn=1573-6687}}</ref>

[[Public-sector trade union]]s have been associated with increased cost of government.<ref name="u201">{{cite journal | last1=Anzia | first1=Sarah F. | last2=Moe | first2=Terry M. | title=Public Sector Unions and the Costs of Government | journal=The Journal of Politics | volume=77 | issue=1 | date=2015 | issn=0022-3816 | doi=10.1086/678311 | pages=114–127| url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0n57c3tf }}</ref>