Editing Tire (section)

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The [[tire bead]] is the part of the tire that contacts the [[rim (wheel)|rim]] on the wheel. This essential component is constructed with robust steel cables encased in durable, specially formulated rubber designed to resist stretching. The precision of the bead's fit is crucial, as it seals the tire against the wheel, maintaining air pressure integrity and preventing any loss of air. The bead's design ensures a secure, non-slip connection, preventing the tire from rotating independently from the wheel during vehicle motion. Additionally, the interplay between the bead's dimensions and the wheel's width significantly influences the vehicle's steering responsiveness and stability, as it helps to maintain the tire's intended shape and contact with the road.

{{anchor|Sidewall}}The sidewall is that part of the tire, or [[Bicycle tire#Sidewall|bicycle tire]], that bridges between the tread and bead. The sidewall is largely rubber but reinforced with fabric or steel cords that provide for tensile strength and flexibility. The sidewall contains air pressure and transmits the torque applied by the drive axle to the tread to create traction but supports little of the weight of the vehicle, as is clear from the total collapse of the tire when punctured.

Sidewalls are molded with manufacturer-specific detail, government-mandated warning labels, and other consumer information.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reading a Tire Sidewall |url= https://www.tireindustry.org/resources/consumer-education/consumer-safety-overview/reading-a-tire-sidewall/ |work=Tire Industry Association |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Emme |title=How to read a tire sidewall |url= https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/how-to-read-a-tire-sidewall/ |work=CNET |date=2 October 2019 |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

Sidewall may also have sometimes decorative ornamentation that includes [[whitewall tire|whitewall]] or red-line inserts as well as [[tire lettering]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Vranas |first1=Chuck |title=Whitewall Tires 101: How They're Made and Why They're Cool |url= https://www.motortrend.com/how-to/whitewall-tires-101-how-theyre-made-and-why-theyre-cool/ |work=Motor Trend |date=24 July 2017 |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref>

The shoulder is that part of the tire at the edge of the tread as it makes the transition to the sidewall.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tire Structure |url= https://www.hankooktire.com/us/services-tips/tire-guide/structure.html |website=hankooktire.com/us/ |date = nd |access-date=27 October 2021}}</ref>

[[Ply (layer)|Plies]] are layers of relatively inextensible cords embedded in the rubber<ref>{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Pvsv78xj7UIC&q=ply |title=Vehicle dynamics: theory and applications |first=Reza N. |last=Jazar |publisher=Springer |quote=Inner layers are made of different fabrics, called plies. |year=2008 |page=11 |isbn=978-0-387-74243-4 |access-date=2011-03-16}}</ref> to hold its shape by preventing the rubber from stretching in response to the internal pressure. The orientations of the plies play a large role in the performance of the tire and are one of the main ways that tires are categorized.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.tdotperformance.ca/auto-parts-canada/winter-tires-faq-how-to-guide |title=Winter Tires: FAQs & How To's |publisher=TDot Performance |access-date=2020-04-16}}</ref>