Editing Thomas Mann (section)

==Sexuality and literary work==
Mann's diaries reveal his struggles with his [[bisexuality]], his attraction to men finding frequent reflection in his works, most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella ''[[Death in Venice]]'' (''Der Tod in Venedig'', 1912).<ref>{{cite book |last= Mann |first= Thomas |title= Diaries 1918–1939 |year=1983|page = 471 |isbn=978-0-233-97513-9 |publisher= A. Deutsch}}, quoted in e.g. {{cite book |first1=Hermann |last1=Kurzke |first2=Leslie |last2=Wilson |title=Thomas Mann. Life as a Work of Art. A Biography |page=[https://archive.org/details/thomasmannlifeas00kurz/page/752 752] |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-691-07069-8 |url=https://archive.org/details/thomasmannlifeas00kurz/page/752 }} For a discussion of the relationship between his homosexuality and his writing, also see {{cite book |title=Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature|first= Anthony |last= Heilbut |isbn= 978-0-333-67447-5|page =647 |publisher= Humanity Press/Prometheus |year= 1997}}</ref> [[Anthony Heilbut]]'s biography ''Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature'' (1997) uncovered the centrality of Mann's sexuality to his oeuvre. [[Gilbert Adair]]'s work ''The Real Tadzio'' (2001) describes how, in 1911, Mann had stayed at the [[Grand Hôtel des Bains]] on the [[Venice Lido]] with his wife and brother, when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of [[Władysław Moes|Władysław (Władzio) Moes]], a 10-year-old Polish boy ([[Death in Venice#The real Tadzio|the real Tadzio]]). 

[[File:Thomas Mann 1900 cropped.jpg|thumb|Thomas Mann in 1900 when he completed ''Buddenbrooks'']]
In the autobiographical novella ''[[Tonio Kröger]]'' from 1901, the young hero has a crush on a handsome male classmate (modeled after real-life Lübeck classmate Armin Martens). In the novella ''With the prophet'' (1904) Mann mocks the believing disciples of a neo-Romantic "prophet" who preaches asceticism and has a strong resemblance to the real contemporary poet [[Stefan George]] and his ''[[George-Kreis]]'' ("George-Circle"). In 1902, George had met the fourteen-year-old boy [[Maximilian Kronberger]]; He made an idol of him and after his early death in 1904 transfigured him into a kind of [[Antinous]]-style "god". 

Mann had also started planning a novel about [[Frederick the Great]] in 1905/1906, which ultimately did not come to fruition. The [[sexuality of Frederick the Great]] would have played a significant role in this, its impact on his life, his political decisions and wars. In late 1914, at the start of World War I, Mann used the notes and excerpts already collected for this project to write his essay ''Frederick and the grand coalition'' in which he contrasted Frederick's soldierly, male drive and his literary, female connotations consisting of "decomposing" skepticism.<ref>''Frederick and the grand coalition, an outline for the day and the hour''. The essay was first published in ''Der Neue Merkur'' (January/February 1915), and Mann himself later included it in an anthology ('Old and New', 1953). See: [https://www.fischerverlage.de/buch/thomas-mann-friedrich-und-die-grosse-koalition-9783104004075 ''Friedrich und die große Koalition, Ein Abriß für den Tag und die Stunde''], Fischer Verlag</ref> A similar "decomposing skepticism" had already estranged the barely concealed gay novel characters ''Tonio Kröger'' and ''Hanno [[Buddenbrooks|Buddenbrook]]'' (1901) from their traditional upper class family environments and hometown (which in both cases is Lübeck). The ''[[Confessions of Felix Krull]]'', written from 1910 onwards, describes a self-absorbed young dandyish imposter who, if not explicitly, fits into the gay typology. The 1909 novel ''[[Royal Highness (novel)|Royal Highness]]'', which describes a young unworldly and dreamy prince who forces himself into a marriage of convenience that ultimately becomes happy, was modeled after Mann's own romance and marriage to Katia Mann in February 1905. In ''[[The Magic Mountain]]'', the enamored Hans Castorp, with his heart pounding, asks Pribislav Hippe if he could lend him his pencil, of which he keeps a few scraps like a relic. Borrowing and returning are poetic masks for a sexual act. But it is not just a poetic symbol. In his diary entry from September 15, 1950, Mann remembers "Williram Timpe's scraps from his pencil", referring to a classmate from Lübeck.<ref>Hermann Kurzke, ''Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art: A Biography'', chapter II: ''Williram Timpe'', Princeton University Press (2002).</ref> The novella ''[[Mario and the Magician]]'' (1929) ends with a murder due to a male-male kiss. 

Numerous homoerotic crushes are documented in his letters and diaries, both before and after his marriage. Mann's diary records his attraction to his own 13-year-old son, "Eissi" – Klaus Mann: "Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn" (22 June). In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic, while the diary reveals: "In love with Klaus during these days" (5 June). "Eissi, who enchants me right now" (11 July). "Delight over Eissi, who in his bath is terribly handsome. Find it very natural that I am in love with my son ... Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked, which disconcerted me" (25 July). "I heard noise in the boys' room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golo's bed acting foolish. Strong impression of his premasculine, gleaming body. Disquiet" (17 October 1920).<ref>{{cite book |last1= Kurzke |first1= Herrmann |title= Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art : a Biography |date= 2002 |publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn= 978-0-691-07069-8 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/thomasmannlifeas00kurz/page/346 346–347] |url= https://archive.org/details/thomasmannlifeas00kurz/page/346 }}</ref>

[[File:Ludwig von Hofmann, Die Quelle (1913).jpg|thumb|[[Ludwig von Hofmann]]: ''The Spring'' (1913). The picture, purchased in 1914, hung in Mann's study until his death.<ref>The painting is currently part of the Thomas Mann Archive at [[ETH Zurich]].</ref>]]

Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter [[Paul Ehrenberg]], for whom he had feelings as a young man (at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled). The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg, which is corroborated by notebook entries, caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman, Mary Smith, whom he met in 1901.{{Sfn | Mundt | 2004 | p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2TsRx0wascC&pg=PA6 6]}} In 1927, while on summer vacation in [[Kampen (Sylt)]], Mann fell in love with 17-year-old Klaus Heuser, to whom he dedicated the introduction to his essay ''"[[Heinrich von Kleist|Kleist's]] Amphitryon, a Reconquest"'' in the fall of the same year, which he read publicly in Munich in the presence of Heuser. [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]], who has transformed himself into the form of the general [[Amphitryon]], tries to seduce his wife Alcmene when the real Amphitryon returns home and Alcmene rejects the god. Mann understands Jupiter as the "lonely artistic spirit" who courts life, is rejected and, "a triumphant renouncer", learns to be content with his divinity.<ref>Hermann Kurzke, ''Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art: A Biography'', chapter XIII: ''Midlife homosexuality'', Princeton University Press (2002).</ref> In 1950, Mann met the 19-year-old waiter Franz Westermeier, confiding to his diary "Once again this, once again love".<ref name="mundt">{{Citation |last =Mundt |first =Hannelore |title =Understanding Thomas Mann |date =2004 |publisher =The University of South Carolina Press |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=p2TsRx0wascC |isbn =978-1-57003-537-1}}.</ref> He immediately processed the experience in his essay ''"[[Michelangelo]] in his poems"'' (1950) and was also inspired to write ''[[The Black Swan (short story)|The Black Swan]]'' (1954). In 1975, when Mann's diaries were published, creating a national sensation in Germany, the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States: he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Mann's obsession, but also shocked at its depth.<ref name="fintimes">{{cite web |last= Paul |first= James|title= A man's Mann |date=5 August 2005|work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1c4baa2a-05ce-11da-883e-00000e2511c8|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210324003045/https://www.ft.com/content/1c4baa2a-05ce-11da-883e-00000e2511c8|archivedate=24 March 2021|url-status=live|access-date=23 March 2021 }}</ref>

Mann's infatuations probably remained largely [[Platonic love|platonic]]. Katia Mann tolerated these love affairs, as did the children, because they knew that it didn't go too far. He exchanged letters with Klaus Heuser for a while and met him again in 1935. He wrote about the Heuser experience in his diary on May 6, 1934: "In comparison, the early experiences with Armin Martens and Williram Timpe recede far into the childlike, and that with Klaus Heuser was a late happiness with the character of life-relevant fulfillment... That's probably how it is humanly, and because of this normality I can feel my life is more canonical than through marriage and children." In the entry from February 20, 1942, he spoke again about Klaus Heuser: "Well, yes − lived and loved. Black eyes that shed tears for me, beloved lips that I kissed − it was there, I had it too, I'll be able to tell myself when I die."<ref>Hermann Kurzke, ''Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art: A Biography'', chapter XIII: ''Homoeroticism in midlife'', subchapter “Klaus Heuser and Amphitryon”, Princeton University Press (2002).</ref> He was partly delighted, partly ashamed of the depth of his own emotions in these cases and mostly made them productive at some earlier or later date, but the experiences themselves were not yet literary. Only in retrospective, he converted them into literary production and sublimated his shame into the theory that "a writer experiences in order to express himself", that his life is just material. Mann even went so far as to accuse his brother [[Heinrich Mann|Heinrich]] of his "aestheticism being a gesture-rich, highly gifted impotence for life and love."<ref>Hermann Kurzke, ''Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art: A Biography'', chapter II: ''First love: Armin Martens'' (in: [[Tonio Kröger]]), Princeton University Press (2002).</ref> When Mann met the aging bachelor Heuser, who had worked in China for 18 years, for the last time in 1954, his daughter Erika scoffed: "Since he (Heuser) couldn't have the magician (= Thomas Mann's nickname with his children), he preferred to give it up completely."<ref>Thomas Mann's diary entry from August 29, 1954. In fact, Klaus Heuser is said to have had a lover named Anwar. See the 2013 novel ''Königsallee'' by Hans Pleschinski under ''Cultural references - other''.</ref>

Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components, the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work.<ref name="fintimes" /><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.schwulesmuseum.de/ausstellungen/archives/2016/view/applaus-muss-sein-hommage-zum-50-todestag-von-thomas-mann/|title= Norbert Heuler – Houseboys|publisher= Schwules Museum|access-date= 18 July 2016|archive-date= 15 September 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160915030640/http://www.schwulesmuseum.de/ausstellungen/archives/2016/view/applaus-muss-sein-hommage-zum-50-todestag-von-thomas-mann/|url-status= live}}</ref> Thomas Mann had burned all of his diaries from before March 1933 in the garden of his home in Pacific Palisades in May 1945. Only the booklets from September 1918 to December 1921 were preserved because the author needed them for his work on ''[[Doctor Faustus (novel)|Doctor Faustus]]''. He later decided to have them − and his diaries from 1933 onwards – published 20 years after his death and predicted "surprise and cheerful astonishment". They were published by [[Peter von Mendelssohn]] and [[Walter Jens|Inge Jens]] in 10 volumes.

From the very beginning, Thomas' son [[Klaus Mann]] openly dealt with his own homosexuality in his literary work and open lifestyle and referred critically to his father's "[[Sublimation (psychology)|sublimation]]" in his diary. On the other hand, Thomas's daughter [[Erika Mann]] and his son [[Golo Mann]] came out only later in their lives. Thomas Mann reacted cautiously to Klaus's first novel ''The Pious Dance, Adventure Book of a Youth'' (1926), which is openly set in [[LGBT culture in Berlin|Berlin's homosexual milieu]]. Although he embraced male-male eroticism, he disapproved of gay lifestyle. The [[Eulenburg affair]], which broke out two years after Mann's marriage, had strengthened him in his renunciation of a gay life and he supported the journalist [[Maximilian Harden]], who was friends with Katia Mann's family, in his denunciatory trial against the gay [[Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg|Prince of Eulenburg]], a close friend of Emperor [[Wilhelm II]].<ref>Hermann Kurzke, ''Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art: A Biography'', chapter VII: ''Jews'', subchapter ''The Harden trial'', Princeton University Press (2002).</ref> Thomas Mann was always concerned about his dignity, reputation and respectability; the "poet king" [[Goethe]] was his role model. His horror at a possible collapse of these attributes found expression in the character of Aschenbach in ''Death in Venice''. But as time went on Mann became more open. When the twenty-two-year-old war novelist [[Gore Vidal]] published his first novel ''[[The City and the Pillar]]'' in 1948, a love-story between small-town American boys and a portrait of homosexual life in New York and Hollywood in the forties, a highly controversial book even among the publishers, not to mention the press, Mann called it a "noble work".<ref>[https://search.worldcat.org/de/title/1244514936 The city and the pillar and seven early stories : revised, with a new preface by the author], book summary from publisher [[Random House]], New York 1995</ref>

When the physician and pioneer of gay liberation [[Magnus Hirschfeld]] sent another petition to the [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] in 1922 to abolish [[Paragraph 175|Section 175]] of the German Criminal Code, under which many homosexuals were imprisoned simply because of their inclinations, Thomas Mann also signed.<ref>Hermann Kurzke, ''Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art: A Biography'', chapter XIII: ''Against § 175'', Princeton University Press (2002).</ref> However, criminal liability among adults was only abolished through a change in the law on June 25, 1969 − fourteen years after Mann's death and just three days before the [[Stonewall riots]]. This legal situation certainly had an impact throughout his life; the man whom the Nazis labeled a traitor never had any desire to be incarcerated for "criminal acts".