Editing Suffrage (section)

===Religion===
In the aftermath of the [[Protestant Reformation|Reformation]] it was common in European countries for people of disfavored [[religious denominations]] to be denied civil and political rights, often including the right to vote, to stand for election or to sit in parliament. In [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]], Roman Catholics were denied the right to vote from 1728 to 1793, and the right to sit in parliament until 1829. The anti-Catholic policy was justified on the grounds that the loyalty of Catholics supposedly lay with the [[Pope]] rather than the national monarch.

In England and Ireland, several Acts practically disenfranchised non-Anglicans or non-Protestants by imposing an oath before admission to vote or to stand for office. The 1672 and 1678 [[Test Act]]s forbade non-Anglicans to hold public offices, and the 1727 [[Disenfranchising Act]] took away Catholics' voting rights in Ireland, which were restored only in 1788. Jews could not even be naturalized. An attempt was made to change this situation, but the [[Jewish Naturalization Act 1753]] provoked such reactions that it was repealed the following year. [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|Nonconformists]] ([[Methodists]] and [[Presbyterians]]) were only allowed to run for election to the [[British House of Commons]] starting in 1828, Catholics in 1829 (following the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829]], which extended the [[Roman Catholic Relief Act 1791]]), and Jews in 1858 (with the [[Emancipation of the Jews in England]]). [[Benjamin Disraeli]] could only begin his political career in 1837 because he had been converted to Anglicanism at the age of 12.

In several states in the U.S. after the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], Jews, [[Quakers]] or Catholics were denied voting rights and/or forbidden to run for office.<ref name="Williamson 1960">{{Citation |title=American Suffrage. From property to democracy |first=Chilton |last=Williamson |author-link=Chilton Williamson |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1960}}</ref> The [[Delaware Constitution of 1776]] stated that:<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/de02.htm |title=Constitution of Delaware, 1776 |access-date=7 December 2007 |publisher=The Avalon Project at [[Yale Law School]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130011903/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/de02.htm |archive-date=30 November 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><blockquote>Every person who shall be chosen a member of either house, or appointed to any office or place of trust, before taking his seat, or entering upon the execution of his office, shall (...) also make and subscribe the following declaration, to wit: ''I, A B. do profess faith in God the Father, and in Jesus Christ His only Son, and in the Holy Ghost, one God, blessed for evermore; and I do acknowledge the holy scriptures of the Old and New Testament to be given by divine inspiration.''</blockquote>This was repealed by article I, section&nbsp;2 of the [[Delaware Constitution of 1792|1792 Constitution]]: "No religious test shall be required as a qualification to any office, or public trust, under this State".<ref>{{Citation |url=http://members.tripod.com/candst/cnst_de.htm |title=State Constitution (Religious Sections) – Delaware |access-date=7 December 2007 |publisher=The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State}}</ref> The 1778 [[South Carolina Constitution|Constitution of the State of South Carolina]] stated that "No person shall be eligible to sit in the house of representatives unless he be of the Protestant religion",<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/sc02.htm |title=An Act for establishing the constitution of the State of South Carolina, 19 March 1778 |access-date=5 December 2007 |publisher=The Avalon Project at [[Yale Law School]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213082151/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/sc02.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> the 1777 [[Georgia (U.S. state) Constitution|Constitution of the State of Georgia]] (art. VI) that "The representatives shall be chosen out of the residents in each county (...) and they shall be of the Protestent ''(sic)'' religion".<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/ga02.htm |title=Constitution of Georgia |date=5 February 1777 |access-date=7 December 2007 |publisher=The Avalon Project at [[Yale Law School]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213082118/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/states/ga02.htm |archive-date=13 December 2007 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> In [[Maryland]], voting rights and eligibility were extended to Jews in 1828.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.msa.md.gov/megafile/msa/speccol/sc4800/sc4872/003183/html/m3183-1670.html |title=An Act for the relief of Jews in Maryland, passed 26 February 1825 |date=26 February 1825 |publisher=Archives of Maryland |volume=3183 |page=1670 |access-date=5 December 2007}}</ref>

In [[Canada]], several religious groups ([[Mennonites]], [[Hutterites]], [[Doukhobors]]) were disenfranchised by the wartime Elections Act of 1917, mainly because they opposed military service. This disenfranchisement ended with the closure of the First World War, but was renewed for Doukhobors from 1934 (via the ''Dominion Elections Act'') to 1955.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.elections.ca/content.asp?section=gen&document=chap3&dir=his&lang=e&textonly=false |title=A History of the Vote in Canada, Chapter 3 Modernization, 1920–1981 |publisher=Elections Canada |access-date=6 December 2007}}</ref>

The first Constitution of modern [[Romania]] in 1866 provided in article 7 that only Christians could become Romanian citizens. [[History of the Jews in Romania|Jews native to Romania]] were declared stateless persons. In 1879, under pressure from the [[Treaty of Berlin (1878)|Berlin Peace Conference]], this article was amended, granting non-Christians the right to become Romanian citizens, but naturalization was granted on a case-by-case basis and was subject to Parliamentary approval. An application took over ten years to process. Only in 1923 was a new constitution adopted, whose article 133 extended Romanian citizenship to all Jewish residents and equality of rights to all Romanian citizens.<ref>{{Citation |url=http://www.romanianjewish.org/en/mosteniri_ale_culturii_iudaice_03_13.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914002239/http://www.romanianjewish.org/en/mosteniri_ale_culturii_iudaice_03_13.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=14 September 2012 |title=Chronology – From the History Museum of the Romanian Jews; Hasefer Publishing House |publisher=The Romanian Jewish Community |access-date=6 December 2007}}</ref>