Editing Sudan (section)

==== 2019 Sudanese Revolution and transitional government ====
{{main|Sudanese Revolution|2019–2026 Sudanese transition to democracy}}
{{see also|Sovereignty Council of Sudan}}
[[File:Sudanese protestors celebrate signing of political agreement (cropped).png|thumb|upright=1.3|Sudanese protestors celebrate the 17 August 2019 signing of the [[2019 Sudanese transition to democracy#Draft Constitutional Declaration|Draft Constitutional Declaration]] between military and civilian representatives.]]
On 19 December 2018, [[Sudanese revolution|massive protests]] began after a government decision to triple the price of goods at a time when the country was suffering an acute shortage of foreign currency and inflation of 70 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmi.no/news/2116-sudan-december-2018-riots-is-the-regime-crumbling|title=Sudan December 2018 riots: Is the regime crumbling?|website=CMI – Chr. Michelsen Institute|language=en|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> In addition, President al-Bashir, who had been in power for more than 30 years, refused to step down, resulting in the convergence of opposition groups to form a united coalition. The government retaliated by arresting more than 800 opposition figures and protesters, leading to the death of approximately 40 people according to the Human Rights Watch,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/04/09/sudan-protesters-killed-injured|title=Sudan: Protesters Killed, Injured|date=9 April 2019|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> although the number was much higher than that according to local and civilian reports. The protests continued after the overthrow of his government on 11 April 2019 after a massive sit-in in front of the [[Sudanese Armed Forces]] main headquarters, after which the chiefs of staff decided to intervene and they ordered the arrest of President al-Bashir and declared a three-month state of emergency.<ref name="Sudan military coup topples Bashir">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-47891470|title=Sudan military coup topples Bashir|date=11 April 2019|access-date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/sudan-crowds-rally-bashir-police-tear-gas-rival-protest-190109115845545.html |title=Sudan's Omar al-Bashir vows to stay in power as protests rage &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=9 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Arwa Ibrahim|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/future-unclear-sudan-protesters-president-loggerheads-190108135021310.html |title=Future unclear as Sudan protesters and president at loggerheads &#124; News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=8 January 2019 |access-date=24 April 2019}}</ref> Over 100 people died on 3 June after security forces dispersed the sit-in using tear gas and live ammunition in what is known as the [[Khartoum massacre]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2019 |title=Sudan's security forces attack long-running sit-in |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48495713}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title="Chaos and Fire" – An Analysis of Sudan's June 3, 2019 Khartoum Massacre – Sudan |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/chaos-and-fire-analysis-sudan-s-june-3-2019-khartoum-massacre |website=ReliefWeb |date=5 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref> resulting in Sudan's suspension from the African Union.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2019/jun/06/aftermath-of-sudan-crackdown-emerges-as-death-toll-passes-100-video|title=African Union suspends Sudan over violence against protestors – video|date=7 June 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=8 June 2019|language=en-GB }}</ref> Sudan's youth had been reported to be driving the protests.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-48802235/sudan-dying-for-the-revolution|title='They'll have to kill all of us!'|work=BBC News|language=en|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> The protests came to an end when the [[Forces for Freedom and Change]] (an alliance of groups organizing the protests) and [[Transitional Military Council (2019)|Transitional Military Council]] (the ruling military government) signed the July 2019 Political Agreement and the August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration.<ref name="raisethevoices_4Aug2019_const_dec" /><ref name="Const_Dec_En_unofficial" />
The transitional institutions and procedures included the creation of a joint military-civilian [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan]] as head of state, a new [[Chief Justice of Sudan]] as head of the judiciary branch of power, [[Nemat Abdullah Khair]], and a new prime minister. The former Prime Minister, [[Abdalla Hamdok]], a 61-year-old economist who worked previously for the UN [[Economic Commission for Africa]], was sworn in on 21 August 2019.<ref name="SudTrib_EU_recognises_Hamdok">{{cite news | title= We recognize Hamdok as leader of Sudan's transition: EU, Troika envoys | date= 27 October 2021 |newspaper= [[Sudan Tribune]] | url= https://sudantribune.com/article222571 |access-date= 27 October 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211027175037/https://sudantribune.com/article222571 |archive-date= 27 October 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> He initiated talks with the [[IMF]] and [[World Bank]] aimed at stabilising the economy, which was in dire straits because of shortages of food, fuel and hard currency. Hamdok estimated that US$10bn over two years would suffice to halt the panic, and said that over 70% of the 2018 budget had been spent on civil war-related measures. The governments of [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] had invested significant sums supporting the military council since Bashir's ouster.<ref name="hamdok">{{cite news |title=Sudan needs up to $10 billion in aid to rebuild economy, new PM says |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-sudan-needs-up-to-10-billion-in-aid-to-rebuild-economy-new-pm-says/ |work=The Globe and Mail |last=Abdelaziz |first=Khalid |date=24 August 2019}}</ref> On 3 September, Hamdok appointed 14 civilian ministers, including the first female foreign minister and the first Coptic Christian, also a woman.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-politics-idUSKCN1VO1KY |title=Sudan's PM selects members of first cabinet since Bashir's ouster|date=3 September 2019 |work=Reuters|access-date=4 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/africa/women-take-prominent-place-in-sudanese-politics-as-abdalla-hamdok-names-cabinet-1.906502|title=Women take prominent place in Sudanese politics as Abdalla Hamdok names cabinet |website=The National|date=4 September 2019 }}</ref> As of August 2021, the country was jointly led by Chairman of the Transitional Sovereign Council, [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]], and Prime Minister Abdallah Hamdok.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/3136536/sudan-threatens-use-military-option-regain-control-over-border-ethiopia |title=Sudan Threatens to Use Military Option to Regain Control over Border with Ethiopia |work=Asharq Al-Awsat |date=17 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 }}</ref>