Editing Stoma (section)

===Future adaptations during climate change===
It is expected that [CO<sub>2</sub>]<sub>atm</sub> will reach 500–1000 ppm by 2100.<ref name="Rico-2013" /> 96% of the past 400,000 years experienced below 280 ppm CO<sub>2</sub>. From this figure, it is highly probable that [[genotype]]s of today’s plants have diverged from their pre-industrial relatives.<ref name="Rico-2013" />

The gene ''HIC'' (high carbon dioxide) encodes a negative regulator for the development of stomata in plants.<ref name="Gray-2000">{{cite journal | last1 = Gray | first1 = J | last2 = Holroyd | first2 = G | last3 = van der Lee | first3 = F | last4 = Bahrami | first4 = A | last5 = Sijmons | first5 = P | last6 = Woodward | first6 = F | last7 = Schuch | first7 = W | last8 = Hetherington | first8 = A | year = 2000 | title = The ''HIC'' signalling pathway links CO<sub>2</sub> perception to stomatal development | journal = Nature | volume = 408 | issue = 6813| pages = 713–716 | bibcode = 2000Natur.408..713G | doi = 10.1038/35047071 | pmid = 11130071 | s2cid = 83843467 }}</ref> Research into the ''HIC'' gene using'' [[Arabidopsis thaliana]]'' found no increase of stomatal development in the dominant [[allele]], but in the ‘wild type’ [[recessive allele]] showed a large increase, both in response to rising CO<sub>2</sub> levels in the atmosphere.<ref name="Gray-2000" /> These studies imply the plants response to changing CO<sub>2</sub> levels is largely controlled by genetics.