Editing Stanisław Ulam (section)

==Impact and legacy==
Ulam participated in the creation of a [[hydrogen bomb]] as part of the [[Los Alamos Laboratory]] nuclear project. From the publication of his first paper as a student in 1929 until his death, Ulam was constantly writing on mathematics. The list of Ulam's publications includes more than 150 papers.<ref name='AJMAA'/> Topics represented by a significant number of papers are: [[set theory]] (including [[measurable cardinal]]s and abstract [[measure (mathematics)|measures]]), [[topology]], [[functional analysis]], [[Transformation (function)|transformation theory]], [[ergodic theory]], [[group theory]], [[Variety (universal algebra)|projective algebra]], [[number theory]], [[combinatorics]], and [[graph theory]].<ref name='UPUBS'/>

Notable results of this work are:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[Borsuk–Ulam theorem]]
*[[Mazur–Ulam theorem]]
*[[Kuratowski–Ulam theorem]]
*[[Hyers–Ulam–Rassias stability]]
*[[Lucky number]]
*[[Ulam spiral]]{{col-2}}
*[[Reconstruction conjecture|Ulam conjecture]] (in Graph theory)
*[[Ulam's packing conjecture]]
*[[Ulam's game]]
*[[Ulam matrix]]
*[[Ulam numbers]]
{{col-end}}

Ulam played pivotal role in the development of thermonuclear weapons. According to Françoise Ulam: "Stan would reassure me that, barring accidents, the H-bomb rendered nuclear war impossible."<ref name=FULAM/> In 1980, Ulam and his wife appeared in the television documentary ''[[The Day After Trinity]]''.<ref>{{IMDb title|qid=Q3520523|id=tt0080594|title=The Day After Trinity}}</ref>

[[File:LuckySieve.gif|thumb|An animation demonstrating the lucky number sieve. The numbers in red are lucky numbers.|alt=A square containing the numbers 1 to 120. Numbers are initially grey but go purple as they are eliminated; the lucky numbers then remain, and are highlighted in red.]]
The [[Monte Carlo method]] has become a ubiquitous and standard approach to computation, and the method has been applied to a vast number of scientific problems.<ref name=MONTEALAMOS/> In addition to problems in physics and mathematics, the method has been applied to [[Monte Carlo methods in finance|finance]], social science,<ref name='MONTESOC'/> [[environmental impact assessment|environmental risk assessment]],<ref name='MONTERISK'/> linguistics,<ref name='MONTELING'/> radiation therapy,<ref name='MONTEONC'/> and sports.<ref name='MONTEBIG10'/>

The [[Fermi–Pasta–Ulam–Tsingou problem]] is credited not only as "the birth of experimental mathematics",<ref name='FPU'/> but also as inspiration for the vast field of Nonlinear Science. In his [[Lilienfeld Prize]] lecture, [[David K. Campbell]] noted this relationship and described how FPUT gave rise to ideas in [[Chaos theory|chaos]], [[solitons]], and [[Dynamical systems theory|dynamical systems]].<ref name='CAMPB'/> In 1980, [[Donald Kerr]], laboratory director at Los Alamos, with the strong support of Ulam and [[Mark Kac]],<ref name = 'CNLSSCOTT'/> founded the Center for Nonlinear Studies (CNLS).<ref name='CNLSHIST'/> In 1985, CNLS initiated the ''Stanislaw M. Ulam Distinguished Scholar'' program, which provides an annual award that enables a noted scientist to spend a year carrying out research at Los Alamos.<ref name='CNLSULAM'/>

The fiftieth anniversary of the original FPUT paper was the subject of the March 2005 issue of the journal Chaos,<ref name='FPUCHAOS'/> and the topic of the 25th Annual International Conference of CNLS.<ref name='CNLSFPU'/> The [[University of Southern Mississippi]] and the University of Florida supported the ''Ulam Quarterly'',<ref name='UQUART'/> which was active from 1992 to 1996, and which was one of the first online mathematical journals.<ref name='UQUART2'/> Florida's Department of Mathematics has sponsored, since 1998, the annual ''Ulam Colloquium Lecture'',<ref name='UCOLLOQ'/> and in March 2009, the ''Ulam Centennial Conference''.<ref name='UCONF'/>

Ulam's work on non-[[Euclidean distance|Euclidean distance metrics]] in the context of molecular biology made a significant contribution to [[sequence analysis]]<ref name='GOAD'/> and his contributions in theoretical biology are considered watersheds in the development of [[Cellular automata#History|cellular automata]] theory, [[population biology]], [[pattern recognition]], and biometrics generally (David Sankoff, however, challenged conclusions of Walter by writing that Ulam had only modest influence on early development of sequence alignment methods.<ref name='SANKOFF' />). Colleagues noted that some of his greatest contributions were in clearly identifying problems to be solved and general techniques for solving them.<ref name='BIOLOGY'/>

In 1987, Los Alamos issued a special issue of its ''Science'' publication, which summarized his accomplishments,<ref name='UTRIB'/> and which appeared, in 1989, as the book ''From Cardinals to Chaos''. Similarly, in 1990, the University of California Press issued a compilation of mathematical reports by Ulam and his Los Alamos collaborators: ''Analogies Between Analogies''.<ref name='ANALOG'/> During his career, Ulam was awarded honorary degrees by the Universities of [[University of New Mexico|New Mexico]], [[University of Wisconsin|Wisconsin]], and [[University of Pittsburgh|Pittsburgh]].<ref name='VITA'/>

In 2021, German film director Thorsten Klein made a {{ill|Adventures of a Mathematician (film)|de|Abenteuer eines Mathematikers|lt=film adaptation}} of Ulam's autobiography, ''Adventures of a Mathematician''.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=How 'Adventures of a Mathematician' Writer Director Thor Klein Found Story in the Details |magazine=Script |url=https://scriptmag.com/interviews-features/how-adventures-of-a-mathematician-writer-director-thor-klein-found-story-in-the-details |access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>

Ulam is the grandfather of Rebecca Weiner, the New York Police Department’s deputy commissioner of intelligence and counterterrorism.<ref>{{Cite news | title=N.Y.P.D.'s New Intelligence Chief Takes Reins of Secretive Unit | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/13/nyregion/rebecca-weiner-nypd-intelligence-unit.html | last = Cramer| first = Maria | access-date = 13 August 2023 | date = 13 August 2023 | newspaper = New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/nypd/news/sa0033/police-commissioner-caban-appoints-rebecca-weiner-nypd-deputy-commissioner-intelligence-and|title= Police Commissioner Caban Appoints Rebecca Weiner as NYPD Deputy Commissioner of Intelligence and Counterrorism |publisher=New York City |date= 19 July 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Bride of Los Alamos |magazine= [[Tablet (magazine)|Tablet Magazine]] |first=Rebecca |last=Ulam Weiner |date=16 July 2024 |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/history/articles/bride-of-los-alamos |access-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>