Editing Shogun (section)

===Ashikaga (Muromachi) shogunate (1336/1338–1573)===
{{Further|Ashikaga shogunate|Muromachi period|Daimyo}}
[[File:Ashikaga Takauji Jōdo-ji.jpg|thumb|[[Ashikaga Takauji]] (1336/1338–1358) established the [[Ashikaga shogunate]].]]
After the failure of the Kenmu Restoration, Emperor Go-Daigo fled to [[Enryaku-ji]] Temple on [[Mount Hiei]] with the [[Imperial Regalia of Japan|Three Sacred Treasures]] (Imperial [[regalia]], 三種の神器). On the other hand, Ashikaga Takauji installed [[Emperor Kōmyō]] as the new emperor without the Three Sacred Treasures in 1336.<ref name="touken"/>

Ashikaga Takauji tried to make peace with Emperor Go-Daigo, but the negotiations failed when Emperor Go-Daigo refused. Emperor Go-Daigo moved to [[Yoshino, Nara|Yoshino]], and the country entered the [[Nanboku-cho period]] (1336-1392), in which two emperors existed at the same time in two different imperial courts, the Southern Court in Yoshino and the Northern Court in Kyoto.<ref name="touken"/>

In 1338,<ref name="touken"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Hall|first=John Whitney|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aiLYQ22ohmkC&q=1338&pg=PR11|title=Japan in the Muromachi Age|date=1977-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02888-3|page=11|language=en}}</ref><ref>conflicting start dates of 1336 and 1338 are listed across different sources.</ref> [[Ashikaga Takauji]], like Minamoto no Yoritomo, a descendant of the [[Minamoto clan|Minamoto]] princes,<ref name=":0" /> was awarded the title of ''sei-i taishōgun'' by Emperor Kōmyō and established the [[Ashikaga shogunate]], which nominally lasted until 1573. The Ashikaga had their headquarters in the Muromachi district of Kyoto, and the time during which they ruled is also known as the [[Muromachi period]].

Between 1346 and 1358, the Ashikaga shogunate gradually expanded the authority of the {{nihongo3||守護|[[shugo]]}}, the local military and police officials established by the Kamakura shogunate, giving the ''shugo'' jurisdiction over land disputes between {{nihongo3||御家人|[[gokenin]]}} and allowing the ''shugo'' to receive half of all taxes from the areas they controlled. The ''shugo'' shared their newfound wealth with the local samurai, creating a hierarchical relationship between the ''shugo'' and the samurai, and the first early {{nihongo3|feudal lords|大名|[[daimyo]]}}, called {{nihongo3||守護大名|shugo daimyo}}, appeared.<ref name="shugosen">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/shugodaimyo-sengokubusho/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240317181933/https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/shugodaimyo-sengokubusho/|script-title=ja:守護大名と戦国武将|language=ja|publisher=The Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=17 March 2024|access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>

[[Ashikaga Yoshimitsu]], the third shogun, negotiated peace with the Southern court, and in 1392 he reunited the two courts by absorbing the Southern court, ending the 58-year Nanboku-cho period. Yoshimitsu continued to hold power after passing the shogunate to his son Ashikaga Yoshimochi in 1395, becoming {{nihongo3|Chancellor of the Realm|太政大臣|daijō-daijin}}, the highest rank of the nobility, and remaining in power until his death in 1408.<ref name="nagoya3">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/72413/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408004347/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/72413/|script-title=ja:第3代将軍／足利義満|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=8 April 2024|access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

In 1428, [[Ashikaga Yoshimochi]], the fourth shogun, was ill and the question of his succession arose. [[Ashikaga Yoshikazu]], the 5th shogun, died of illness at the age of 19, so the 6th shogun was chosen from among Yoshimochi's four brothers, and to ensure fairness, a lottery was held. The sixth shogun was [[Ashikaga Yoshinori]]. However, he was not educated to be a shogun, and his temperamental and despotic behavior caused resentment, and he was assassinated by [[Akamatsu Mitsusuke]] during the [[:ja:嘉吉の乱|Kakitsu Rebellion]]. This led to instability in the Ashikaga shogunate system.<ref name="kyoto260523">{{cite web|url=https://www2.city.kyoto.lg.jp/somu/rekishi/fm/nenpyou/htmlsheet/toshi14.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526102155/https://www2.city.kyoto.lg.jp/somu/rekishi/fm/nenpyou/htmlsheet/toshi14.html|script-title=ja:応仁・文明の乱|language=ja|publisher=Kyoto City|date=|archive-date=26 May 2023|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="nagoyaka">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/kakitsu-no-ran/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314154053/https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/kakitsu-no-ran/|script-title=ja:嘉吉の乱|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=14 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

==== Ōnin war and Sengoku period ====
{{Further|Ōnin war|Sengoku period}}
[[File:Ashikaga Yoshimasa.jpg|thumb|[[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]]]]
[[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]], the 8th shogun, tried to strengthen the power of the shogun, but his close associates did not follow his instructions, leading to political chaos and increasing social unrest. Since he had no sons, he tried to install his younger brother [[Ashikaga Yoshimi]] as the ninth shogun, but when his wife [[Hino Tomiko]] gave birth to [[Ashikaga Yoshihisa]], a conflict arose among the ''shugo daimyo'' as to whether Yoshimi or Yoshihisa would be the next shogun. The [[Hatakeyama clan|Hatakeyama]] and [[Shiba clan|Shiba]] clans were also divided into two opposing factions over succession within their own clans, and [[Hosokawa Katsumoto]] and [[Yamana Sōzen]], who were father-in-law and son-in-law, were politically at odds with each other.<ref name="kyoto260523"/><ref name="nagoyao">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/7077/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314154132/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/7077/|script-title=ja:応仁の乱|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=14 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

In 1467, these conflicts finally led to the [[Ōnin War]] between the Eastern Army, led by Hosokawa Katsumoto and including [[Hatakeyama Masanaga]], Shiba Yoshitoshi, and Ashikaga Yoshimi, and the Western Army, led by Yamana Sōzen and including Hatakeyama Yoshinari, Shiba Yoshikado, and Ashikaga Yoshihisa.　In 1469, the war spread to the provinces, but in 1473, Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen, the leaders of both armies, were dead, and in 1477, the war ended when the western lords, including Hatakeyama Yoshinari and [[Ōuchi Masahiro]], withdrew their armies from Kyoto.<ref name="kyoto260523"/><ref name="nagoyao"/>

The war devastated Kyoto, destroying many aristocratic and samurai residences, [[Shinto shrine]]s, and Buddhist temples, and undermining the authority of the Ashikaga shoguns, greatly reducing their control over the various regions. Thus began the [[Sengoku period]], a period of civil war in which the ''daimyo'' of various regions fought to expand their own power.<ref name="kyoto260523"/><ref name="nagoyao"/> ''Daimyo'' who became more powerful as the shogunate's control weakened were called {{nihongo3||戦国大名|sengoku daimyo}}, and they often came from ''shugo daimyo'', {{nihongo3|deputy shugo|守護代|[[shugodai]]}}, and {{nihongo3|local masters|国人|kokujin or kunibito}}. In other words, ''sengoku daimyo'' differed from ''shugo daimyo'' in that ''sengoku daimyo'' was able to rule the region on his own, without being appointed by the shogun.<ref name="shugosen"/>

In 1492, [[Hosokawa Masamoto]], the {{nihongo3||管領|[[kanrei]]}}, second in rank to the shogun in the Ashikaga shogunate, and the equivalent of {{nihongo3||執権|[[Shikken]]}} in the Kamakura shogunate, staged a coup, banished the 10th shogun, [[Ashikaga Yoshitane]], from Kyoto, and installed [[Ashikaga Yoshizumi]] as the 11th shogun, making the shogun a puppet of the [[Hosokawa clan]].<ref name="meio">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/history/history-important-word/meio-no-seihen/|archive-url=|script-title=ja:明応の政変|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> [[Hosokawa Takakuni]], who came to power later, installed [[Ashikaga Yoshiharu]] as the 12th shogun in 1521.<ref name="omono">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/11089/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929125449/https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/11089/|script-title=ja:大物崩れ|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=29 September 2022|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref> In 1549, [[Miyoshi Nagayoshi]] banished the 12th shogun and his son Ashikaga Yoshiteru from Kyoto and seized power. From this point on, the Miyoshi clan continued to hold power in and around Kyoto until [[Oda Nobunaga]] entered Kyoto in 1568.<ref name="nagayoshi">{{cite web|url=https://www.touken-world.jp/tips/46488/|archive-url=|script-title=ja:三好長慶|language=ja|publisher=The Nagoya Japanese Sword Museum Nagoya Touken World|date=|archive-date=|access-date=29 March 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Ashikaga Yoshiteru cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Ashikaga Yoshiteru]], famous as a great swordsman<ref name="kotobateru"/>]]
By the time of the 13th shogun, [[Ashikaga Yoshiteru]], the shogun already had few direct fiefs and direct military forces, and his sphere of influence was limited to a few lands around Kyoto, losing both economic and military power. As a result, Ashikaga Yoshiteru was often chased out of Kyoto by the ''sengoku daimyo'' [[Miyoshi Nagayoshi]] and his forces, and was finally killed in an attack by the forces of [[Miyoshi Yoshitsugu]] and [[Matsunaga Hisahide]]. Ashikaga Yoshiteru was known as a great swordsman and was a student of [[Tsukahara Bokuden]], who was known as one of the strongest swordsmen.<ref name="kotobateru">{{cite web|url=https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B6%B3%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A9%E8%BC%9D-14302/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314235845/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E8%B6%B3%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A9%E8%BC%9D-14302|script-title=ja:足利義輝|language=ja|publisher=Kotobank|date=|archive-date=14 March 2024|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> According to [[Yagyū Munenori]], a swordsmanship instructor in the Tokugawa Shogunate, Ashikaga Yoshiteru was one of the five best swordsmen of his time. According to several historical books, including [[Luís Fróis]]' ''Historia de Japam'', he fought hard with ''[[naginata]]'' and ''[[tachi]]'' during a raid, defeating many of his enemies, but eventually ran out of strength and was killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://intojapanwaraku.com/rock/culture-rock/69688/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619125633/https://intojapanwaraku.com/rock/culture-rock/69688/|script-title=ja:足利義輝の壮絶すぎる30年を約15000字で徹底解説。将軍としての使命とは。|language=ja|publisher=[[Shogakukan]]|date=|archive-date=19 June 2023|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>