Editing Shanghai (section)

==Cityscape==
<gallery mode="packed">
20045-Shanghai-Pano.jpg|View of [[Lujiazui]] from The Bund during the day
Shanghai (41106376245).jpg|View of Pudong from [[Hongkou, Shanghai|Hongkou District]]
Pudong Shanghai November 2017 HDR panorama.jpg|Night view of [[Lujiazui]] in [[Pudong]]
</gallery>
[[The Bund]], located by the bank of the Huangpu River, is home to a row of early 20th-century architecture, ranging in style from the [[neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] [[HSBC Building, Shanghai|HSBC Building]] to the [[Art Deco]] Sassoon House (now part of the [[Peace Hotel]]). Many areas in the former foreign concessions are also well-preserved, the most notable being the French Concession.<ref name="art deco">{{cite web |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/an-art-deco-journey-through-shanghais-belle-epoque |title=An art deco journey through Shanghai's belle époque |last1=Loh |first1=Juliana |date=16 February 2016 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007082034/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/articles/an-art-deco-journey-through-shanghais-belle-epoque |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Shanghai is also home to many architecturally distinctive and even eccentric buildings, including the [[Shanghai Museum]], the [[Shanghai Grand Theatre]], the [[Oriental Art Center]], and the [[Oriental Pearl Tower]]. Despite rampant redevelopment, the Old City still retains some traditional architecture and designs, such as the [[Yu Garden]], an elaborate [[Jiangnan]] style garden.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shanghaiguide.org/Shanghai-Architectural-History-1958.html |title=Shanghai Architectural History |website=shanghaiguide.org |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023003942/http://www.shanghaiguide.org/Shanghai-Architectural-History-1958.html |archive-date=23 October 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

As a result of its construction boom during the 1920s and 1930s, Shanghai has among the most Art Deco buildings in the world.<ref name="art deco" /> One of the most famous architects working in Shanghai was [[László Hudec]], a [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Hungarian-Slovak]] who lived in the city between 1918 and 1947.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ladislavhudec.eu/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=67 |title=The man who changed Shanghai |at=Who is L.E.Hudec |last1=Kabos |first1=Ladislav |access-date=17 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504041550/http://www.ladislavhudec.eu/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=67 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> His most notable Art Deco buildings include the [[Park Hotel Shanghai|Park Hotel]], the [[Grand Cinema (Shanghai)|Grand Cinema]], and the [[Paramount (Shanghai)|Paramount]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/hsrw/201203/t20120313_6271.html |script-title=zh:一个外国建筑设计师的上海传奇----邬达克和他设计的经典老房子 |publisher=Shanghai Archives Bureau |last=Jin |first=Zhihao |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=7 October 2019 |language=zh-cn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007120214/http://www.archives.sh.cn/shjy/hsrw/201203/t20120313_6271.html |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> Other prominent architects who contributed to the Art Deco style are [[P&T Group|Clement Palmer and Arthur Turner]], who together designed the Peace Hotel, the [[Metropole Hotel (Shanghai)|Metropole Hotel]], and the [[Broadway Mansions]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fairmont.com/peace-hotel-shanghai/hotel-history/ |title=FAIRMONT PEACE HOTEL – A HISTORY |work=[[Accor]] |access-date=7 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115202/https://www.fairmont.com/peace-hotel-shanghai/hotel-history/ |archive-date=7 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> and Austrian architect [[C. H. Gonda|C.H. Gonda]], who designed the [[Capitol Theater (Shanghai)|Capitol Theatre]]. The Bund has been revitalized several times. The first was in 1986, with a new [[Esplanade|promenade]] by the Dutch architect Paulus Snoeren.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.everettpotter.com/2018/08/strolling-shanghais-bund-part-2/|title=Strolling Shanghai's Bund (Part 2)|work=EVERETT POTTER'S TRAVEL REPORT|date=13 August 2018|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115204/https://www.everettpotter.com/2018/08/strolling-shanghais-bund-part-2/|archive-date=7 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The second was before the [[Expo 2010|2010 Expo]], which includes restoration of the century-old [[Waibaidu Bridge]] and reconfiguration of traffic flow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/none/bund-back-182534|title=Bigger and better: The Shanghai Bund is back – CNN Travel|website=cnngo.com|access-date=9 May 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101093739/http://www.cnngo.com/shanghai/none/bund-back-182534|archive-date=1 November 2012}}</ref>
[[File:The Bund 1.jpg|left|thumb|[[The Bund]]]]
One distinctive cultural element is the [[shikumen]] ({{lang|zh|石库门}}, "stone storage door") residence, typically two- or three-story gray brick houses with the front yard protected by a heavy wooden door in a stylistic stone arch.<ref name="radical quaintness">{{cite magazine|last= Goldberger|first= Paul|url= http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/26/051226crsk_skyline|title= Shanghai Surprise: The radical quaintness of the Xintiandi district.|magazine= [[The New Yorker]]|date= 26 December 2005|access-date= 7 October 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121102000836/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/12/26/051226crsk_skyline|archive-date= 2 November 2012|url-status= live}}</ref> Each residence is connected and arranged in straight alleys, known as [[longtang]]{{efn|[[Shanghainese]] romanization: longdhang; {{IPA|wuu|lòŋdɑ̃́|pronunciation:}}<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Qian | first1 = Nairong | year = 2007 |script-title=zh:上海话大词典 | publisher =[[Shanghai Lexicographical Publishing House]] |author-link1=Qian Nairong | isbn = 9787532622481}}</ref>}} ({{lang|zh|弄堂}}). The house is similar to western-style [[terrace house]]s or [[townhouse]]s, but distinguished by the tall, heavy brick wall and archway in front of each house.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/shikumen.htm|title=Shikumen Residence|website=travelchinaguide.com|access-date=7 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191007115204/https://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shanghai/shikumen.htm|archive-date=7 October 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

The shikumen is a cultural blend of elements found in Western architecture with traditional Jiangnan Chinese architecture and social behavior.<ref name="radical quaintness" /> Like almost all traditional Chinese dwellings, it has a [[courtyard]], which reduces outside noise. Vegetation can be grown in the courtyard, and it can also allow for sunlight and ventilation in the rooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pinglun.eastday.com/p/20100118/u1a4959441.html|script-title=zh:文汇报:从石库门走入上海城市文化|newspaper=[[Wenhui Bao]]|last=Mo|first=Yan|date=18 January 2010|access-date=7 October 2019|language=zh-cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727215836/http://pinglun.eastday.com/p/20100118/u1a4959441.html|archive-date=27 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Tower pudong shanghai jinmao tower and swfc.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|[[Shanghai World Financial Center]] (left) and [[Jin Mao Tower]] (right)]]
Some of Shanghai's buildings feature [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] neoclassical architecture or [[Stalinist architecture]], though the city has fewer such structures than Beijing. These buildings were mostly erected between the founding of the [[People's Republic of China|People's Republic]] in 1949 and the [[Sino-Soviet Split]] in the late 1960s. During this time period, large numbers of Soviet experts, including architects, poured into China to aid the country in the construction of a communist state. An example of Soviet neoclassical architecture in Shanghai is the modern-day [[Shanghai Exhibition Center]].<ref name="Lonely Planet - undated - Lonely Planet review for Shanghai Exhibition Center">{{cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/shanghai/sights/building/shanghai-exhibition-centre|title=Lonely Planet review for Shanghai Exhibition Centre|work=[[Lonely Planet]]|access-date=14 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113175246/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/shanghai/sights/building/shanghai-exhibition-centre|archive-date=13 November 2010|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shanghai—Lujiazui in particular—has [[List of skyscrapers in Shanghai|numerous skyscrapers]], making it the fifth [[List of cities with the most skyscrapers|city in the world with the most skyscrapers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skyscrapercenter.com/cities?list=buildings-150|title=Number of 150m+ Completed Buildings – The Skyscraper Center|website=Skyscrapercenter.com|access-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202102726/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/cities?list=buildings-150|archive-date=2 December 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Among the most prominent examples are the {{convert|421|m|abbr=on}} high [[Jin Mao Tower]], the {{convert|492|m|abbr=on}} high [[Shanghai World Financial Center]], and the {{convert|632|m|abbr=on}} high [[Shanghai Tower]], which is the tallest building in China and the [[List of tallest buildings|third tallest in the world]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/shanghai-tower-asias-new-tallest-skyscraper-presents-future-vision-vertical-cities-1507710|title=Shanghai Tower: Asia's new tallest skyscraper presents a future vision of 'vertical cities'|author=Alfred Joyner|work=International Business Times UK|date=24 June 2015 |access-date=26 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626140923/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/shanghai-tower-asias-new-tallest-skyscraper-presents-future-vision-vertical-cities-1507710|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Completed in 2015, the tower takes the form of nine twisted sections stacked atop each other, totaling 128 floors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Shanghai Tower News Release|url=http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/pr_081128_Shanghai_Tower_11_24_2008.pdf|publisher=Gensler|date=28 November 2008|access-date=28 November 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090315053529/http://www.gensler.com/uploads/documents/pr_081128_Shanghai_Tower_11_24_2008.pdf|archive-date=15 March 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is featured in its [[double-skin facade]] design, which eliminates the need for either layer to be opaqued for reflectivity as the double-layer structure has already reduced the heat absorption.<ref name="matternetwork">{{cite web|url=http://www.matternetwork.com/2010/3/shanghai-tower-beginnings-green-revolution.cfm|date=25 March 2010|author=CleanTechies|title=The Shanghai Tower: The Beginnings of a Green Revolution in China|access-date=19 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703152505/http://www.matternetwork.com/2010/3/shanghai-tower-beginnings-green-revolution.cfm|archive-date=3 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The futuristic-looking Oriental Pearl Tower, at {{convert|468|m|abbr=on}}, is located nearby at the northern tip of Lujiazui.<ref>{{skyscraperpage|25}}</ref> Skyscrapers outside of Lujiazui include the [[White Magnolia Plaza]] in Hongkou, the [[Shimao International Plaza]] in Huangpu, and the [[Shanghai Wheelock Square]] in [[Jing'an, Shanghai|Jing'an]].

<gallery widths="155">
File:·˙·ChinaUli2010·.· Shanghai - panoramio (231).jpg|The [[Shanghai Museum]]
File:Shanghaigrandtheatre.jpg|The [[Shanghai Grand Theater]]
File:The Sino-Soviet Friendship Mansion.JPG|The [[Shanghai Exhibition Center]], an example of [[Stalinist architecture]]
File:The Oriental Pearl Radio & Television Tower at night.jpg|The [[Oriental Pearl Tower]] at night
File:Shanghai - Shanghai Tower - 0003.jpg|[[Shanghai Tower]]
File:Skyscrapers in Shanghai.jpg|Glass facades of two skyscrapers
</gallery>