Editing Shame (section)

== Social aspects ==
[[File:Taunting 0001.jpg|thumb|right|A girl feeling ashamed as two other girls taunt behind her back]]
According to the anthropologist [[Ruth Benedict]], cultures may be classified by their emphasis on the use of either shame (a [[shame society]]) or guilt to regulate the social activities of individuals.<ref>Stephen Pattison, ''Shame:Theory, Therapy and Theology''. Cambridge University Press. 2000. p. 54. {{ISBN|0521560454}}</ref>

Shame may be used by those people who commit [[relational aggression]] and may occur in the workplace as a form of overt social control or aggression. Shaming is used in some societies as a type of [[punishment]], [[shunning]], or [[ostracism]]. In this sense, "the real purpose of shaming is not to punish crimes but to create the kind of people who don't commit them".<ref>{{cite journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030202074746/http://www.city-journal.org/html/10_4_bring_back_stigma.html|archive-date=2 February 2003|last=Scruton|first=Roger|title=Bring Back Stigma|url=http://www.city-journal.org/html/10_4_bring_back_stigma.html|journal=City Journal|date=Autumn 2000|volume=10|issue=4|pages=68–75|access-date=12 June 2024|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Stigma ===
{{See also|Social stigma}}
In 1963, [[Erving Goffman]] published ''[[Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity]]''. For Goffman, the condition when a particular person is excluded from full societal reception is greatly discrediting. This negative evaluation may be "felt" or "enacted". Thus, stigma can occur when society labels someone as tainted, less desirable, or handicapped. When felt, it refers to the shame associated with having a condition and the fear of being discriminated against... when enacted it refers to actual discrimination of this kind.<ref name="Chapple, A. 2004">Chapple, A., Ziebland, S. & McPherson, A. (2004). "Stigma, Shame, and blame experienced by patients with lung cancer: qualitative study". ''British Medical Journal'', 328(7454), 1470–73.</ref> Shame in relation to stigma studies have most often come from the sense and mental consequences that young adolescents find themselves trapped in when they are deciding to use a condom in STD or HIV protection. The other use of stigma and shame is when someone has a disease, such as cancer, where people look to blame something for their feelings of shame and circumstance of sickness. Jessica M. Sales et al. researched young adolescents ages 15–21 on whether they had used protection in the 14 days prior to coming in for the study. The answers showed implications of shame and stigma, which received an accommodating score.<ref name=":6" /> The scores, prior history of STDs, [[demographics]], and [[psychosocial]] variables were put into a [[hierarchical]] [[regression model]] to determine probability of an adolescents chances of using protected sex in the future. The study found that the higher sense of shame and stigma the higher chance the adolescent would use protection in the future.<ref name=":6" /> This means that if a person is more aware of consequences, is more in-tune with themselves and the stigma (stereotypes, disgrace, etc.), they will be more likely to protect themselves. The study shows that placing more shame and stigma in the mind of people can be more prone to protecting themselves from the consequences that follow the action of unprotected sex.<ref name=":6">Sales, J. M., DiClemente, R. J., Rose, E. S., Wingood, G. M., Klein, J. D. & Woods, E. R. (2007). "Relationship of STD-Related Shame and Stigma to Female Adolescents' Condom-Protected Intercourse". ''Journal of Adolescent Health'', 40, 573.</ref>

HIV-related stigma from those who are born with HIV due to their [[maternal]] [[genetics]] have a proneness to shame and avoidant coping. David S. Bennett et al. studied the ages 12–24 of self-reported measures of potential risk factors and three domains of internalizing factors: depression, [[anxiety]], and [[PTSD]]. The findings suggested that those who had more shame-proneness and more awareness of HIV-stigma had a greater amount of depressive and PTSD symptoms. This means that those who have high HIV-stigma and shame do not seek help from interventions. Rather, they avoid the situation that could cause them to find themselves in a predicament of other mental health issues. Older age was related to greater HIV-related stigma and the female gender was more related to stigma and internalizing symptoms (depression, anxiety, PTSD). Stigma was also associated with greater shame-proneness.<ref>Bennett, D. S., Hersh, J., Herres, J. & Foster, J. (2016). "HIV-Related Stigma, Shame, and Avoidant Coping: Risk Factors for Internalizing Symptoms Among Youth Living with HIV?" ''Child Psychology & Human Development'', 47(4), 657–64.</ref>

Chapple et al. researched people with lung cancer in regards to the shame and stigma that comes from the disease. The stigma that accompanies lung cancer is most commonly caused by smoking. However, there are many ways to contract lung cancer, therefore those who did not receive lung cancer from smoking often feel shame; blaming themselves for something they did not do. The stigma effects their opinions of themselves, while shame is found to blame other cancer causing factors (tobacco products/anti-tobacco products) or ignoring the disease in avoidant [[coping (psychology)|coping]] altogether. The stigma associated with lung cancer effected relationships of patients with their family members, peers, and physicians who were attempting to provide comfort because the patients felt shame and victimized themselves.<ref name="Chapple, A. 2004"/>

=== Shame campaign ===
A shame campaign is a tactic in which particular individuals are singled out because of their behavior or suspected crimes, often by marking them publicly, such as [[Hester Prynne]] in [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]]'s ''[[The Scarlet Letter]]''. In the [[Philippines]], [[Alfredo Lim]] popularized such tactics during his term as mayor of [[Manila]]. On July 1, 1997, he began a controversial "spray paint shame campaign" in an effort to stop drug use. He and his team sprayed bright red paint on two hundred squatter houses whose residents had been charged, but not yet convicted, of selling prohibited substances. Officials of other municipalities followed suit. Former Senator Rene A. Saguisag condemned Lim's policy.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Pulta | first= Benjamin B. | url =http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/man/2003/06/26/news/spray.campaign.debate.heats.up.html
| title= Spray campaign debate heats up
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200045/http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/man/2003/06/26/news/spray.campaign.debate.heats.up.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007
|newspaper =SunStar Philippines
| date= June 26, 2003}}</ref> Communists in the 20th century used [[struggle session]]s to handle corruption and other problems.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2012/03/photos-fathers-of-chinese-leaders-at-revolutionary-struggle-sessions/254870/|title=Photos: Fathers of Chinese Leaders at Revolutionary 'Struggle Sessions'|last=Hayoun|first=Massoud|date=2012-03-21|website=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref>

[[Public humiliation]], historically expressed by confinement in [[stocks]] and in other public punishments may occur in social media through [[viral phenomenon|viral phenomena]].<ref name=River>{{cite book|author1=Jon Ronson|author-link1=Jon Ronson|title=So You've Been Publicly Shamed|year=2015|publisher=Riverhead Books|isbn=978-1-59448-713-2|pages=44–56}}</ref>