Editing Sex-selective abortion (section)

== Europe ==
Abnormal sex ratios at birth, possibly explained by growing incidence of sex-selective abortion, have also been noted in some other countries outside South and East Asia. According to CIA, the most imbalanced birth sex ratios in Europe (2017) are in Liechtenstein, Armenia, Albania, Azerbaijan, San Marino,  Kosovo and Macedonia; with Liechtenstein having the most imbalanced sex ratio in the world.<ref name="cia.gov"/>

=== Caucasus ===
[[File:Caucasus topographic map-en.svg|thumb|250px|Topography of the [[Caucasus]],  a region at the border of [[Europe]] and [[Asia]], situated between the [[Black Sea|Black]] and the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] seas]]
The [[Caucasus]] has been named a "male-dominated region", and as families have become smaller in recent years, the pressures to have sons has increased.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Forestier-Walker R | date = 22 June 2015 | url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/azerbaijan-pressured-sex-selective-abortions-150621124644074.html | title=Azerbaijan pressured over sex-selective abortions &#124; News | work = al Jazeera | access-date=October 5, 2016 | archive-date=April 9, 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409102453/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/azerbaijan-pressured-sex-selective-abortions-150621124644074.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Before the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in the early 1990s, the birth sex ratio in Caucasus countries such as [[Azerbaijan]], [[Armenia]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] was in the 105 to 108 range. After the collapse, the birth sex ratios sharply climbed and have remained high for the last 20 years.<ref name = "Meslé_2007" /> Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan have seen strongly imbalanced birth sex ratios in the first decade of the 21st century.<ref name=teconomist>{{cite news | url = https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21586617-son-preference-once-suppressed-reviving-alarmingly-gendercide-caucasus | title = Gendercide in the Caucasus | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170914204741/https://www.economist.com/news/europe/21586617-son-preference-once-suppressed-reviving-alarmingly-gendercide-caucasus | archive-date=September 14, 2017 | newspaper = The Economist | date = September 13, 2013}}</ref> In Georgia, the birth sex ratio for the years 2005–2009 was cited by ''[[The Economist]]'' to be about 120, a trend ''The Economist'' claims suggests that the practice of sex-selective abortion in the Caucasus has been similar to those in East Asia and South Asia in recent decades.<ref name="teconomist"/>

According to an article in ''The Economist''  the sex ratio in Armenia is seen to be a function of birth order. The article claimed that among first born children, there are 138 boys for every 100 girls.<ref name="teconomist"/> Overall, the birth sex ratio in Armenia exceeded 115 in some years, far higher than India's which was cited at 108.<ref name=teconomist /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Michael M, King L, Guo L, McKee M, Richardson E, Stuckler D | title = The mystery of missing female children in the Caucasus: an analysis of sex ratios by birth order | journal = International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 97–102 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23895886 | doi = 10.1363/3909713 | doi-access = free | jstor = 41959961 }}</ref><ref name="Bongaarts_2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Bongaarts J |title=The Implementation of Preferences for Male Offspring |journal=Population and Development Review |date=June 2013 |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=185–208 |doi=10.1111/j.1728-4457.2013.00588.x }}</ref> While these high birth sex ratios suggest sex-selective abortion, there is no direct evidence of observed large-scale sex-selective abortions in Caucasus.<ref name= "Meslé_2007" />

According to latest CIA data, the 2017 sex ratio in the region is 112 for Armenia, 109 for Azerbaijan, and 107 for Georgia.<ref name="cia.gov"/>

=== Southeast Europe ===
An imbalanced birth sex ratio has been present in the 21st century in the [[Western Balkans]], in countries such as [[Albania]], [[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]], [[Kosovo]] and [[Montenegro]]. Scholars claim this suggests that sex-selective abortions are common in southeast Europe.<ref name=czgparis>{{cite web | url = http://www.demographie.net/guilmoto/pdf/research%20note%20on%20BM%20in%20SE%20Europe4.pdf | title = High Sex Ratio at Birth in Southeast Europe | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150923213506/http://www.demographie.net/guilmoto/pdf/research%20note%20on%20BM%20in%20SE%20Europe4.pdf | archive-date = September 23, 2015 | vauthors = Guilmoto CZ | publisher = CEPED, Université Paris-Descartes | location = France | date = 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Stump D | date = 2011 | url = http://www.assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2011/ASEGAselectionprenatalee.pdf | title = Prenatal Sex Selection | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170421051847/http://www.assembly.coe.int/CommitteeDocs/2011/ASEGAselectionprenatalee.pdf | archive-date=April 21, 2017 | work = Committee on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men | publisher = Council of Europe }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Verropoulou G, Tsimbos C | title = Differentials in sex ratio at birth among natives and immigrants in Greece: an analysis employing nationwide micro-data | journal = Journal of Biosocial Science | volume = 42 | issue = 3 | pages = 425–430 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20361419 | doi = 10.1017/s0021932009990599 | s2cid = 22202092 }}</ref> As of 2017, according to CIA estimates, Albania's birth sex ratio is 109.<ref name="cia.gov"/> According to Eurostat and birth record data over 2008–11, the birth sex ratios of Albania and Montenegro for that period were 112 and 110 respectively.<ref name=unfpaaugust2012>{{cite web | url = http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2012/Sex%20Imbalances%20at%20Birth.%20PDF%20UNFPA%20APRO%20publication%202012.pdf | title = Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current trends, consequences and policy implications | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131230232549/http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2012/Sex%20Imbalances%20at%20Birth.%20PDF%20UNFPA%20APRO%20publication%202012.pdf | archive-date=December 30, 2013 | work = United Nations FPA | date = August 2012 }}</ref> In recent years, Montenegrin health authorities have expressed concern with regard to the significant imbalance between the number of male and female births.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Tomovic D | work = BalkanInsight | url=http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/gender-selection-raises-concerns-in-montenegro| title=Abortions of Girls Cause Male Surplus in Montenegro| date=September 18, 2014| access-date=June 7, 2017| archive-date=November 15, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115082656/http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/gender-selection-raises-concerns-in-montenegro| url-status=live}}</ref> However the data from CIA in 2017 cites the birth ratio for Montenegro within the normal range, at 106.<ref name="cia.gov"/> In recent years, the birth registration data for Macedonia and Kosovo indicate unbalanced birth sex ratios, including a birth rate in 2010 of 112 for Kosovo<ref name=unfpaaugust2012 />{{rp|23}}  As 2017, CIA cited both Macedonia and Kosovo at 108.<ref name="cia.gov"/>