Editing Scots language (section)

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
! colspan=2|
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Interdental consonant|Dental]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}{{efn|Spelt {{vr|ng}}, always {{IPA|/ŋ/}}.<ref name=JohnstonEdinburghHistory>{{cite book|last=Johnston|first=Paul|year=1997|chapter=Regional Variation|editor-last=Jones|editor-first=Charles|title=The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|location=Edinburgh|page=510}}</ref>}}
|
|-
! colspan=2|[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
| {{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}
|
| {{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}{{efn|{{IPA|/t/}} may be a glottal stop between vowels or word final.{{r|JohnstonEdinburghHistory|page=501}} In Ulster dentalised pronunciations may also occur, also for {{IPA|/d/}}.}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}} {{IPA link|dʒ}}{{efn|The cluster {{vr|nch}} is usually realised {{IPA|/nʃ/}}{{r|EdinburghHistory|page=500}} e.g. {{lang|sco|brainch}} ("branch"), {{lang|sco|dunch}} ("push"), etc.}}
|
| {{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|ɡ}}{{efn|In Northern dialects, the clusters {{vr|kn}} and {{vr|gn}} may be realised as {{IPA|/kn/}}, {{IPA|/tn/}} and {{IPA|/ɡn/}}{{r|EdinburghHistory|page=501}} e.g. {{lang|sco|knap}} ("talk"), {{lang|sco|knee}}, {{lang|sco|knowe}} ("knoll"), etc.}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! colspan=2|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA link|f}} {{IPA link|v}}
| {{IPA link|θ}} {{IPA link|ð}}{{efn|Spelt {{vr|th}}. In Mid Northern varieties an intervocalic {{IPA|/ð/}} may be realised {{IPA|/d/}}.{{r|EdinburghHistory|page=506}} Initial {{vr|th}} in ''thing'', ''think'' and ''thank'', etc. may be {{IPA|/h/}}.{{r|JohnstonEdinburghHistory|page=507}}}}
| {{IPA link|s}} {{IPA link|z}}{{efn|Both {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} may be spelt {{vr|s}} or {{vr|se}}. {{vr|z}} is seldom used for {{IPA|/z/}} but may occur in some words as a substitute for the older {{vr|ȝ}} ([[yogh]]) realised {{IPA|/jɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ŋ/}}. For example: {{lang|sco|brulzie}} ("broil"), {{lang|sco|gaberlunzie}} (a beggar) and the names ''[[Menzies]]'', ''[[Finzean]]'', ''[[Culzean]]'', ''[[Mackenzie (surname)|Mackenzie]]'' etc.}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ç}}{{efn|name=ch|Spelt {{vr|ch}}, also {{vr|gh}}. Medial {{vr|cht}} may be {{IPA|/ð/}} in Northern dialects. {{lang|sco|loch}} ("fjord" or "lake"), {{lang|sco|nicht}} ("night"), {{lang|sco|dochter}} ("daughter"), {{lang|sco|dreich}} ("dreary"), etc. Similar to the German {{lang|de|Nacht}}.{{r|JohnstonEdinburghHistory|page=499}} The spelling {{vr|ch}} is realised {{IPA|/tʃ/}} word initially or where it follows {{vr|r}} e.g. {{lang|sco|airch}} ("arch"), {{lang|sco|mairch}} ("march"), etc.}}
| {{IPA link|x}}{{efn|name=ch}}
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! <small>[[Central consonant|central]]</small>
|
|
| {{IPA link|ɹ}}{{efn|name=r|Spelt {{vr|r}} and pronounced in all positions, i.e. [[Rhotic consonant|rhotically]]. The phoneme {{IPA|/r/}} is most commonly realised as an approximant {{IPA link|ɹ|[ɹ]}}, although an alveolar tap {{IPA link|ɾ|[ɾ]}} is also common, especially among older speakers in rural areas. The realisation as a trill {{IPA link|r|[r]}} is obsolete and only sporadically used for emphasis.{{r|EdinburghHistory|page=510–511}}}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|ʍ}}{{efn|{{vr|w}} {{IPA|/w/}} and {{vr|wh}} {{IPA|/ʍ/}}, older {{IPA|/xʍ/}}, do not merge.{{r|JohnstonEdinburghHistory|page=499}} Northern dialects also have {{IPA|/f/}} for {{IPA|/ʍ/}}.{{r|JohnstonEdinburghHistory|page=507}} The cluster {{vr|wr}} may be realised {{IPA|/wr/}}, more often {{IPA|/r/}}, but may be {{IPA|/vr/}} in Northern dialects{{r|JohnstonEdinburghHistory|page=507}} e.g. {{lang|sco|wrack}} ("wreck"), {{lang|sco|wrang}} ("wrong"), {{lang|sco|write}}, {{lang|sco|wrocht}} ("worked"), etc.}} {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! <small>[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]</small>
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=2|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
| {{IPA link|r}}{{efn|name=r}}
|
|
|
|
|}

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