Editing Schizophrenia (section)

===Comorbidities===
[[File:Overlapping clinical phenotypes in genes associated with monogenic forms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), dystonia, epilepsy and schizophrenia.svg|thumb|[[Euler diagram]] showing overlapping [[clinical phenotype]]s in genes associated with [[monogenic disease|monogenic forms]] of [[autism spectrum disorder]] (ASD), [[dystonia]], [[epilepsy]] and schizophrenia:
{{legend|#007fff|Genes associated with epilepsy}}
{{legend|#007f7f|Genes associated with schizophrenia}}
{{legend|#d4aaff|Genes associated with autism spectrum disorder}}
{{legend|#ff0000|Genes associated with dystonia}}]]
Many people with schizophrenia may have one or more [[Comorbidity|other mental disorders]], such as [[anxiety disorders]], [[obsessive–compulsive disorder]], or substance use disorder. These are separate disorders that require treatment.<ref name=DSM5/> When comorbid with schizophrenia, substance use disorder and [[antisocial personality disorder]] both increase the risk for violence.<ref name=Richard-Devantoy2009/> Comorbid substance use disorder also increases the risk of suicide.<ref name=Khokhar2018/>

[[Sleep disorder]]s often co-occur with schizophrenia, and may be an early sign of relapse.<ref name=Staedt2010/> Sleep disorders are linked with positive symptoms such as [[disorganized thinking]] and can adversely affect [[neuroplasticity|cortical plasticity]] and cognition.<ref name=Staedt2010>{{cite journal |vauthors=Staedt J, Hauser M, Gudlowski Y, Stoppe G |title=Sleep disorders in schizophrenia |journal=Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=70–80 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20066610 |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1109967|s2cid=260137215 }}</ref> The consolidation of memories is disrupted in sleep disorders.<ref name=Pocivavsek2018/> They are associated with severity of illness, a poor prognosis, and poor quality of life.<ref name=Monti2013/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Faulkner SM, Bee PE, Meyer N, Dijk DJ, Drake RJ |title=Light therapies to improve sleep in intrinsic circadian rhythm sleep disorders and neuro-psychiatric illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=Sleep Medicine Reviews |volume=46 |pages=108–123 |date=August 2019 |pmid=31108433|doi=10.1016/j.smrv.2019.04.012|doi-access=free }}</ref> Sleep onset and maintenance insomnia is a common symptom, regardless of whether treatment has been received or not.<ref name=Monti2013>{{cite journal | vauthors = Monti JM, BaHammam AS, Pandi-Perumal SR, Bromundt V, Spence DW, Cardinali DP, Brown GM | title = Sleep and circadian rhythm dysregulation in schizophrenia | journal = Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry | volume = 43 | pages = 209–216 | date = June 2013 | pmid = 23318689 | doi = 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.021 | hdl-access = free | s2cid = 19626589 | hdl = 11336/3858 }}</ref> Genetic variations have been found associated with these conditions involving the [[circadian rhythm]], dopamine and [[Histamine#Synthesis and metabolism|histamine metabolism]], and signal transduction.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Assimakopoulos K, Karaivazoglou K, Skokou M, Kalogeropoulou M, Kolios P, Gourzis P, Patrinos GP, Tsermpini EE | title = Genetic Variations Associated with Sleep Disorders in Patients with Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review | journal = Medicines | volume = 5 | issue = 2 | page = 27 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29587340 | pmc = 6023503 | doi = 10.3390/medicines5020027 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Schizophrenia is also associated with a number of somatic comorbidities including [[diabetes mellitus type 2]], [[autoimmune disease]]s, and [[cardiovascular disease]]s. The association of these with schizophrenia may be partially due to medications (e.g. [[dyslipidemia]] from antipsychotics), environmental factors (e.g. complications from an increased rate of cigarette smoking), or associated with the disorder itself (e.g. diabetes mellitus type 2 and some cardiovascular diseases are thought to be genetically linked). These somatic comorbidities contribute to reduced life expectancy among persons with the disorder.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dieset I, Andreassen O, Haukvik U|title=Somatic Comorbidity in Schizophrenia: Some Possible Biological Mechanisms Across the Life Span |journal= Schizophrenia Bulletin|volume=42 |issue=6 |date=2016 |pages=1316–1319 | pmid=27033328|doi=10.1093/schbul/sbw028 |pmc=5049521 |doi-access=free }}</ref>