Editing Rwanda (section)

=== Health ===
{{update section|date=October 2024}}
{{main|Healthcare in Rwanda|Health in Rwanda}}
[[File:Butaro Hospital.jpg|thumb|left|[[Butaro Hospital]] at [[Burera]], Northern Province |alt=Photograph depicting a hospital building, with Rwandan flag, viewed from the entrance pathway]]
The quality of healthcare in Rwanda has historically been very low, both before and immediately after the 1994 genocide.{{sfn|Drobac|Naughton|2014}} In 1998, more than one in five children died before their fifth birthday,{{sfn|World Bank (IV)}} often from [[malaria]].{{sfn|Bowdler|2010}}

President Kagame has made healthcare one of the priorities for the [[Vision 2020 (Rwanda)|Vision 2020]] development programme,{{sfn|Evans|2014}} boosting spending on health care to 6.5% of the country's [[gross domestic product]] in 2013,{{sfn|World Bank (V)}} compared with 1.9% in 1996.{{sfn|World Bank (VI)}} The government has devolved the financing and management of healthcare to local communities, through a system of health insurance providers called ''mutuelles de santé''.{{sfn|WHO|2008}} The ''mutuelles'' were piloted in 1999, and were made available nationwide by the mid-2000s, with the assistance of international development partners.{{sfn|WHO|2008}} Premiums under the scheme were initially US$2 per annum; since 2011 the rate has varied on a sliding scale, with the poorest paying nothing, and maximum premiums rising to US$8 per adult.{{sfn|Rosenberg|2012}} {{As of|2014}}, more than 90% of the population was covered by the scheme.{{sfn|USAID (II)|2014}} The government has also set up training institutes including the Kigali Health Institute (KHI), which was established in 1997{{sfn|IMF|2000|p=34}} and is now part of the [[University of Rwanda]]. In 2005, President Kagame also launched a program known as ''The Presidents' Malaria Initiative''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rw.one.un.org/mdg/mdg6 |title=HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases |publisher=United Nations in Rwanda |access-date=20 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515111753/http://www.rw.one.un.org/mdg/mdg6 |archive-date=15 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> This initiative aimed to help get the most necessary materials for prevention of malaria to the most rural areas of Rwanda, such as mosquito nets and medication.
[[File:Life expectancy development in Rwanda.svg|thumb|Historical development of life expectancy in Rwanda]]
In recent years Rwanda has seen improvement on a number of key health indicators. Between 2005 and 2013, life expectancy increased from 55.2 to 64.0,{{sfn|World Bank (VII)}} under-5 mortality decreased from 106.4 to 52.0 per 1,000 live births,{{sfn|World Bank (VIII)}} and incidence of [[tuberculosis]] has dropped from 101 to 69 per 100,000 people.{{sfn|World Bank (IX)}} The country's progress in healthcare has been cited by the international media and charities. ''[[The Atlantic]]'' devoted an article to "Rwanda's Historic Health Recovery".{{sfn|Emery|2013}} [[Partners In Health]] described the health gains "among the most dramatic the world has seen in the last 50 years".{{sfn|Rosenberg|2012}}

Despite these improvements, however, the country's health profile remains dominated by communicable diseases,{{sfn|WHO|2015}} and the [[United States Agency for International Development]] has described "significant health challenges",{{sfn|USAID (III)|2015}} including the rate of maternal mortality, which it describes as "unacceptably high",{{sfn|USAID (III)|2015}} as well as the ongoing [[HIV/AIDS]] epidemic.{{sfn|USAID (III)|2015}} According to the American [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], travellers to Rwanda are highly recommended to take preventive malaria medication as well as make sure they are up to date with vaccines such as yellow fever.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/rwanda |title=Health Information for Travelers to Rwanda |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |access-date=8 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609011245/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/destinations/traveler/none/rwanda |archive-date=9 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Rwanda also has a shortage of medical professionals, with only 0.84 physicians, nurses, and midwives per 1,000 residents.{{sfn|Partners In Health|2013}} The [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP) is monitoring the country's health progress towards [[Millennium Development Goals]] 4–6, which relate to healthcare. A mid-2015 UNDP report noted that the country was not on target to meet goal 4 on infant mortality, despite it having "fallen dramatically";{{sfn|UNDP (II)|2015}} the country is "making good progress" towards goal 5, which is to reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio,{{sfn|UNDP (III)|2015}} while goal 6 is not yet met as [[HIV/AIDS in Rwanda|HIV prevalence]] has not started falling.{{sfn|UNDP (IV)|2015}}