Editing Ruthenium (section)

=== Catalysis ===
Many ruthenium-containing compounds exhibit useful catalytic properties. Solutions containing [[ruthenium trichloride]] are highly active for [[olefin metathesis]]. Such catalysts are used commercially for the production of polynorbornene for example.<ref name="KO">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology |author1=Delaude, Lionel |author2=Noels, Alfred F. |year=2005| doi=10.1002/0471238961.metanoel.a01 |place=Weinheim|publisher=Wiley-VCH |chapter=Metathesis|isbn=978-0471238966}}</ref> Well defined ruthenium [[carbene]] and [[alkylidene]] complexes show similar reactivity but are only used on small-scale.<ref>{{cite journal|doi = 10.1002/1521-3773(20000901)39:17<3012::AID-ANIE3012>3.0.CO;2-G|title=Olefin Metathesis and Beyond|author=Fürstner, Alois|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=39 |issue=17|date=2000|pages=3012–3043 |pmid=11028025|bibcode=2000AngCh..39.3012F }}</ref> The [[Grubbs' catalyst]]s for example have been employed in the preparation of drugs and advanced materials.

: [[File:Polynbornene.png|thumb|center|upright=2|class=skin-invert-image|RuCl<sub>3</sub>-catalyzed [[ring-opening metathesis polymerization]] reaction giving polynorbornene]]

Some ruthenium complexes are highly active catalysts for [[transfer hydrogenation]]s (sometimes referred to as "borrowing hydrogen" reactions).  [[Chiral]] ruthenium complexes, introduced by [[Ryoji Noyori]], are employed for the [[asymmetric hydrogenation|enantioselective hydrogenation]] of [[ketone]]s, [[aldehyde]]s, and [[imine]]s.<ref name="citation 21">{{citation |author1=Noyori, R. |author2=Ohkuma, T. |author3=Kitamura, M. |author4=Takaya, H. |author5=Sayo, N. |author6=Kumobayashi, H. |author7=Akutagawa, S. |journal=[[Journal of the American Chemical Society]]|title=Asymmetric Hydrogenation of β-Keto Carboxylic Esters. A Practical, Purely Chemical Access to β-Hydroxy Esters in High Enantiomeric Purity|year=1987|volume=109|issue=19 |pages=5856|doi=10.1021/ja00253a051|bibcode=1987JAChS.109.5856N }}</ref> A typical catalyst is (cymene)Ru(S,S-Ts[[DPEN]]):<ref>{{OrgSynth | author = Ikariya, Takao; Hashiguchi, Shohei; Murata, Kunihiko and [[Ryōji Noyori|Noyori, Ryōji]]| title = Preparation of Optically Active (R,R)-Hydrobenzoin from Benzoin or Benzil| vol = 82 | pages = 10 | year = 2005 | prep = v82p0010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = Synthesis of Optically Active 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroquinolines via Asymmetric Hydrogenation Using Iridium-Diamine Catalyst|journal=Org. Synth.|volume = 92 | pages = 213–226 | year = 2015 | doi = 10.15227/orgsyn.092.0213|last1=Chen|first1=Fei|doi-access = free}}</ref> A [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] was awarded in 2001 to [[Ryōji Noyori]] for contributions to the field of [[asymmetric hydrogenation]].

: [[File:RuCl(S,S-TsDPEN)(cymene)-catalysed R,R-hydrobenzoin synthesis.svg|thumb|upright=2|center| [RuCl(''S'',''S''-TsDPEN)(cymene)]-catalysed (''R'',''R'')-hydrobenzoin synthesis (yield 100%, [[Enantiomeric excess|ee]] >99%)]]

Ruthenium-promoted cobalt catalysts are used in [[Fischer–Tropsch process|Fischer–Tropsch synthesis]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00160-X|title=Short history and present trends of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis|journal=Applied Catalysis A: General|volume=186|issue=1–2|pages=3–12|year=1999|last1=Schulz|first1=Hans|bibcode=1999AppCA.186....3S }}</ref>