Editing Rudy Giuliani (section)

=== Law enforcement ===
In Giuliani's first term as mayor, the [[New York City Police Department]]{{snd}}at the instigation of Commissioner [[Bill Bratton]]{{snd}}adopted an aggressive enforcement/deterrent strategy based on [[James Q. Wilson]]'s "[[broken windows theory|broken windows]]" approach. This involved crackdowns on relatively minor offenses such as graffiti, turnstile jumping, [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] possession, and [[aggressive panhandling]] by "[[Squeegee man|squeegee men]]", on the theory that this would send a message that order would be maintained.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Christopher M. |last1=Donner |chapter=Crime prevention |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7lyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA390 |pages=390–395 |editor-first=Wilbur R. |editor-last=Miller |title=The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia |location=Thousand Oaks CA, New Delhi, London |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |year=2012 |isbn=9781412988780 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7lyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA393 |access-date=July 8, 2020 |archive-date=November 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107172846/https://books.google.com/books?id=N7lyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA390 |url-status=live }}</ref> The legal underpinning for removing the "squeegee men" from the streets was developed under Giuliani's predecessor, Mayor David Dinkins. Bratton, with Deputy Commissioner [[Jack Maple]], also created and instituted [[CompStat]], a computer-driven comparative statistical approach to mapping crime geographically and in terms of emerging criminal patterns, as well as charting officer performance by quantifying criminal apprehensions.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.govtech.com/magazines/gt/jack-maple-betting-on-intelligence.html |first=Raymond |last=Dussault |title=Jack Maple: Betting on Intelligence |date=August 12, 2010 |work=GovTech |access-date=August 16, 2016 |archive-date=September 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911120503/http://www.govtech.com/magazines/gt/Jack-Maple-Betting-on-Intelligence.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Critics of the system assert that it creates an environment in which police officials are encouraged to underreport or otherwise manipulate crime data. An extensive study found a high correlation between crime rates reported by the police through CompStat and rates of crime available from other sources, suggesting there had been no manipulation.<ref name="Langan-2004">{{cite web |first1=Patrick A. |last1=Langan |first2=Matthew R. |last2=Durose |publisher=[[Bureau of Justice Statistics]] |url=http://www3.istat.it/istat/eventi/2003/perunasocieta/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf |title=The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City |date=October 21, 2004 |access-date=December 5, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215053748/http://www.istat.it/istat/eventi/2003/perunasocieta/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf |archive-date=February 15, 2009}}</ref> The CompStat initiative won the 1996 Innovations in Government Award from [[Harvard Kennedy School]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Compstat: A Crime Reduction Management Tool|url=https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/compstat-crime-reduction-management-tool|publisher=Harvard Kennedy School Ash Center|access-date=July 4, 2017|archive-date=October 31, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031100405/https://www.innovations.harvard.edu/compstat-crime-reduction-management-tool|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Giuliani crime rate.png|thumb|300px|left|National, New York City, and other major city crime rates (1990–2002)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/ucr/ucr.htm |title=Uniform Crime Reports |publisher=[[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] |access-date=October 24, 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041024015252/https://www.fbi.gov//ucr/ucr.htm |archive-date=October 24, 2004 }} These data are from the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports; most of the recent ones are online. Under the header, "Crime in the United States", click on a year, then use Table 6. Data from pre-1995 is from the same FBI publication, ''Crime in the United States'', in hardcover book.</ref>]]

During Giuliani's administration, crime rates dropped in New York City.<ref name="Langan-2004" /> The extent to which Giuliani deserves the credit is disputed.<ref>{{cite journal |author-link=Steven Levitt |last=Levitt |first=Steven D. |title=Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that do Not |journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives |year=2004 |volume=18 |pages=163–190 |doi=10.1257/089533004773563485 |doi-access=free  |issn = 0895-3309}}</ref> Crime rates in New York City had started to drop in 1991 under previous mayor [[David Dinkins]], three years before Giuliani took office.<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Essays/IST0000120EssaysN19_2009.pdf |title=Towards a Safer Society: The Knowledge Contribution of Statistical Information |editor1=Linda Laura Sabbadini |editor2=Maria Giuseppina Muratore |editor3=Giovanna Tagliacozzo |publication-date=2009 |publisher=Istituto Nazionale di Statistica |location=Rome |isbn=978-88-458-1640-6 |chapter=The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City |first1=Patrick A. |last1=Langan |first2=Matthew R. |last2=Durose |pages=131–174 |date=December 2003 |access-date=May 7, 2018 |quote=According to [[NYPD]] statistical analysis, crime in New York City took a downturn starting around 1990 that continued for many years, shattering all the city's old records for consecutive-year declines in crime rates. [See also Appendix: Tables 1–2.] |archive-date=May 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507085422/https://ebiblio.istat.it/digibib/Essays/IST0000120EssaysN19_2009.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/mayorslifegovern0000dink |title=A Mayor's Life: Governing New York's Gorgeous Mosaic |first1=David N. |last1=Dinkins |author-link=David Dinkins |first2=Peter |last2=Knobler |publisher=PublicAffairs Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61039-301-0 |access-date=May 24, 2017 |url-access=registration }}</ref> A small nationwide drop in crime preceded Giuliani's election, and some critics say he may have been the beneficiary of a trend already in progress. Additional contributing factors to the overall decline in New York City crime during the 1990s were the addition of 7,000 officers to the NYPD, lobbied for and hired by the Dinkins administration, and an overall improvement in the national economy.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Sam |title=As Police Force Adds to Ranks, Some Promises Still Unfulfilled |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/07/nyregion/as-police-force-adds-to-ranks-some-promises-still-unfulfilled.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 7, 1994 |language=en |access-date=May 23, 2023 |archive-date=November 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124053324/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/07/nyregion/as-police-force-adds-to-ranks-some-promises-still-unfulfilled.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Changing demographics were a key factor contributing to crime rate reductions, which were similar across the country during this time.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/0011128799045002001 |url=http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/45/2/171 |title=Zero Tolerance: A Case Study of Police Policies and Practices in New York City |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217094819/http://cad.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/45/2/171 |archive-date=February 17, 2005 |access-date=December 5, 2006 |year=1999 |last1=Greene |first1=Judith A. |journal=Crime & Delinquency |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=171–187 |s2cid=145304955 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Because the crime index is based on that of the [[FBI]], which is self-reported by police departments, some have alleged that crimes were shifted into categories the FBI does not collect.<ref>{{cite book |title=Rudy! An Investigative Biography of Rudolph Giuliani |first=Wayne |last=Barrett |date=March 2001 |isbn=9780465005246 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1okxo1yCuyQC |page=363 |publisher=Basic Books |access-date=May 23, 2023 |quote=The proportion of the decline in index assaults attributable to the two categories most susceptible to ambiguous classification–strong-arm and street–dovetails with the inexplicably disproportionate rise in non-index felony assault arrests. The only explanation for these simultaneous trends is an effort to artificially shift assaults out of index classifications and into categories no one in the media ever notices. |archive-date=June 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622065757/https://books.google.com/books?id=1okxo1yCuyQC |url-status=live }}</ref> Sociologist [[Frank Zimring]], in his 2006 book ''The Great American Crime Decline'', claimed that "up to half of New York's crime drop in the 1990s, and virtually 100 percent of its continuing [[crime decline]] since 2000, has resulted from policing."<ref>{{cite book |last=Zimring |first=Franklin E. |title=The Great American Crime Decline (Studies in Crime and Public Policy) |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=November 3, 2006 |page=272 |isbn=978-0-19-518115-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U30EAQAAIAAJ |access-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-date=May 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529141826/https://books.google.com/books?id=U30EAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bratton was featured on the cover of ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine in 1996.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19960115,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060717175615/http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19960115,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 17, 2006 |title=Finally, We're Winning The War Against Crime. Here's Why |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=January 15, 1996 |access-date=May 25, 2017}}</ref> Giuliani reportedly forced Bratton out after two years, in what was seen as a battle of two large egos in which Giuliani was not tolerant of Bratton's celebrity.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://nymag.com/news/features/62256/ |title=Repeat Defender |date=November 22, 2000 |magazine=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |first=Jason |last=Zengerie |access-date=July 5, 2017 |quote=Bratton{{spaces}}... became embroiled in a battle of egos with Giuliani, and after just 27 months as police commissioner, the mayor forced him out. |archive-date=April 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403051637/http://nymag.com/news/features/62256/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/03/08/giuliani-mends-fences-with-bratton/ |newspaper=The New York Times |department=The Caucus |date=March 8, 2007 |title=Giuliani Mends Fences With Bratton |first=Richard |last=Pérez-Peña |author-link=Richard Pérez-Peña |access-date=July 5, 2017 |quote=a pair of outsized talents and egos whose relationship crumbled;{{spaces}}... administration that prized unwavering loyalty to the mayor could not stomach Mr. Bratton's celebrity; Bratton left the job after just two years{{snd}}it was generally acknowledged that he was forced out |archive-date=April 3, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403052041/https://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/03/08/giuliani-mends-fences-with-bratton/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bratton went on to become chief of the [[Los Angeles Police Department]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Richard |last=Pérez-Peña |author-link=Richard Pérez-Peña |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/us/politics/09rudy.html |title=Giuliani Courts Former Partner and Antagonist |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 9, 2007 |access-date=March 14, 2007 |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115104415/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/09/us/politics/09rudy.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Giuliani's term also saw allegations of civil rights abuses and other police misconduct under other commissioners after Bratton's departure. There were police shootings of unarmed suspects,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.saxakali.com/CommunityLinkups/NYC%20Police%20Killings%201999.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000830022741/http://saxakali.com/CommunityLinkups/NYC%20Police%20Killings%201999.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 30, 2000 |title=NYC Police Shootings 1999 |date=July 9, 2000 |publisher=saxakali.com |access-date=December 5, 2006}}</ref> and the scandals surrounding the torture of [[Abner Louima]] and the killings of [[Amadou Diallo]], [[Gidone Busch]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Newman |first=Andy |date=August 31, 1999 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/31/nyregion/disturbed-man-wielding-a-hammer-is-killed-by-police-in-brooklyn.html |title=Disturbed Man Wielding A Hammer Is Killed By Police In Brooklyn |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=Many residents also demanded to know why Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani, who has enjoyed strong support in the city's Hasidic neighborhoods, did not go to Brooklyn last night to address their concerns. Their anger could pose a delicate political challenge for the Mayor, who has generally been a staunch defender of the Police Department |access-date=June 25, 2018 |archive-date=June 25, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625104150/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/08/31/nyregion/disturbed-man-wielding-a-hammer-is-killed-by-police-in-brooklyn.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Patrick Dorismond]]. Giuliani supported the New York City Police Department, by releasing, for example, what he called Dorismond's "extensive criminal record" to the public, including a sealed juvenile file.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/US/03/18/nypd.protest/ |publisher=CNN |title=Giuliani, New York police under fire after shooting of unarmed man |date=March 19, 2000 |access-date=December 5, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060627193331/http://transcripts.cnn.com/2000/US/03/18/nypd.protest/ |archive-date=June 27, 2006 }}</ref>