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== References == {{Reflist|30em|refs= <ref name=deAlmeida>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/stac1617|title=Combined spectroscopy and intensity interferometry to determine the distances of the blue supergiants P Cygni and Rigel |year=2022 |last1=De Almeida |first1=E S G. |last2=Hugbart |first2=M. |last3=Domiciano De Souza |first3=A. |last4=Rivet |first4=J-P |last5=Vakili |first5=F. |last6=Siciak |first6=A. |last7=Labeyrie |first7=G. |last8=Garde |first8=O. |last9=Matthews |first9=N. |last10=Lai |first10=O. |last11=Vernet |first11=D. |last12=Kaiser |first12=R. |last13=Guerin |first13=W. |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=515 |issue=1 |pages=1–12 |doi-access=free |arxiv=2204.00372 |bibcode=2022MNRAS.515....1D}}</ref> <ref name=v23n06>{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/Galaxy_v23n06_1965-08 |title=Galaxy v23n06 (1965 08)}}</ref> <ref name=plasket1922>{{Cite journal |last=Plaskett |first=J. S. |date=1922 |title=The Dimensions of the Stars |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific |volume=34 |issue=198 |pages=79–93 |doi=10.1086/123157 |jstor=40668597 |bibcode=1922PASP...34...79P |issn=0004-6280}}</ref> <ref name=history>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-01000/NH-1874.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518212903/https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nhhc-series/nh-series/NH-01000/NH-1874.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2019 |title=NH 1874 USS RIGEL (AD-13), 1922-46 |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |access-date=14 June 2020 }}</ref> <ref name=navymil>{{cite web |url=https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/our-collections/photography/numerical-list-of-images/nara-series/80-g/80-G-1010000/80-g-1017252-uss-rigel--af-58-.html |title=80-G-1017252 USS Rigel (AF-58) |publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command |access-date=14 June 2020 }}</ref> <ref name=silverstone1968>{{cite book |last=Silverstone |first=Paul H. |title=U.S. Warships of World War II |publisher=Doubleday & Company |date=1968 |location=Garden City, New York |page=283 }}</ref> <ref name=yenne>{{cite book|first=Bill|last=Yenne|title=The Complete History of U.S. Cruise Missiles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3LNwDwAAQBAJ|page=69|year=2018|publisher=Specialty Press|location=Forest Lake, Minnesota|isbn=978-1-58007-256-4}}</ref> <ref name=seeds>{{cite book|first1=Michael A.|last1=Seeds|first2=Dana|last2=Backman|title=Foundations of Astronomy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N2OZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT274|date=2015|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|location=Boston, Massachusetts|isbn=978-1-305-56239-4|page=274}}</ref> <ref name=burnham>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Burnham|title=Burnham's Celestial Handbook, Volume Two: An Observer's Guide to the Universe Beyond the Solar System|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLbDAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1299|date=1978|orig-year=1966 |publisher=Dover Publications|location=New York |isbn=978-0-486-23568-4 |pages=1299–1301}}</ref> <ref name=mountrigel>{{cite web |title=Antarctica Detail: ID 12639 |url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:0::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:12639 |website=U.S. Geological Survey |publisher=[[U.S. Department of the Interior]] |access-date=2 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name=skerries>{{cite web|title=Antarctica Detail: ID 12640|url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:0::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:12640|website=U.S. Geological Survey|publisher=[[U.S. Department of the Interior]]|access-date=2 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042601/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:0::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:12640|archive-date=2 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=aaa474_2_653>{{cite journal | first=F. | last=van Leeuwen |date=2007 | title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] | volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=653–664 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 |arxiv=0708.1752 | s2cid=18759600 }}</ref> <ref name=aass34_1>{{cite journal | last1=Nicolet | first1=B. | date=1978 | title=Photoelectric photometric Catalogue of homogeneous measurements in the UBV System | journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series]] | volume=34 | pages=1–49 | bibcode=1978A&AS...34....1N }}</ref> <ref name=aaa445_3_1099>{{cite journal | last1=Przybilla | first1=N. | last2=Butler | first2=K. | last3=Becker | first3=S. R. | last4=Kudritzki | first4=R. P. | title=Quantitative spectroscopy of BA-type supergiants | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=445 | issue=3 | pages=1099–1126 |date=2006 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053832 | bibcode=2006A&A...445.1099P |arxiv=astro-ph/0509669 | s2cid=118953817 }}</ref> <ref name=przybilla>{{cite journal | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201014164 | title=Mixing of CNO-cycled matter in massive stars | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | date=2010 | volume=517 | pages=A38 | first=N. | last=Przybilla| bibcode=2010A&A...517A..38P |arxiv=1005.2278 | s2cid=55532189 }}</ref> <ref name="simbad">{{cite simbad|title=bet Ori|access-date=13 February 2019}}</ref> <ref name=apj2012_747_108>{{cite journal | last1=Moravveji | first1=Ehsan | last2=Guinan | first2=Edward F. | last3=Shultz | first3=Matt | last4=Williamson | first4=Michael H. | last5=Moya | first5=Andres | title=Asteroseismology of the nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. Part I. The ''MOST'' High-precision Photometry and Radial Velocity Monitoring | journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] | volume=747 | issue=1 | pages=108–115 |date=2012 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/747/2/108 | bibcode=2012ApJ...747..108M |arxiv=1201.0843 | s2cid=425831 }}</ref> <ref name=apj2012_749_74>{{cite journal | last1=Moravveji | first1=Ehsan | last2=Moya | first2=Andres | last3=Guinan | first3=Edward F. | title=Asteroseismology of the nearby SN-II Progenitor: Rigel. Part II. ε-mechanism Triggering Gravity-mode Pulsations? | journal=The Astrophysical Journal | volume=749 | issue=1 | pages=74–84 |date=2012 | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/749/1/74 | bibcode=2012ApJ...749...74M |arxiv=1202.1836 | s2cid=119072203 }}</ref> <ref name=auf>{{cite book | last1=Aufdenberg | first1=J. P. | chapter=Limb Darkening: Getting Warmer | title=The Power of Optical/IR Interferometry |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |editor1=Richichi A. |editor2=Delplancke F. |editor3=Paresce F. |editor4=Chelli A. | volume=1 | issue=1 | pages=71–82 | date=2008 | doi=10.1007/978-3-540-74256-2_8 | bibcode=2008poii.conf...71A |display-authors=etal| series=Eso Astrophysics Symposia | isbn=978-3-540-74253-1 }}</ref> <ref name=kerigan>{{cite book|first=Thomas|last=Kerigan|title=Moore's Navigation Improved: Being the Theory and Practice of Finding the Latitude, the Longitude, and the Variation of the Compass, by the Fixed Stars and Planets. To which is Prefixed, the Description and Use of the New Celestial Planisphere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k19GAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA132|year=1835|publisher=Baldwin and Cradock|location=London|page=132}}</ref> <ref name=markova>{{cite journal|bibcode=2008A&A...487..211M|title=Wind structure of late B supergiants. I. Multi-line analyses of near-surface and wind structure in HD 199 478 (B8 Iae)|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=487|issue=1|pages=211|last1=Markova|first1=N.|last2=Prinja|first2=R. K.|last3=Markov|first3=H.|last4=Kolka|first4=I.|last5=Morrison|first5=N.|last6=Percy|first6=J.|last7=Adelman|first7=S.|year=2008|arxiv=0806.0929|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200809376|s2cid=18067739}}</ref> <ref name="Gaia3">{{cite Gaia DR3|3206991473643150464}}</ref> <ref name=ddc>{{cite RDPCE|page=1150}}</ref> <ref name=ducati>{{cite journal|bibcode=2002yCat.2237....0D|title=VizieR On-line Data Catalog: Catalogue of Stellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system|journal=[[CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues]]|volume=2237|last1=Ducati|first1=J. R.|year=2002}}</ref> <ref name=guinan>{{Cite journal | last1 = Guinan | first1 = E. F. | last2 = Eaton | first2 = J. A. | last3 = Wasatonic | first3 = R. | last4 = Stewart | first4 = H. | last5 = Engle | first5 = S. G. | last6 = McCook | first6 = G. P. | doi = 10.1017/S1743921310009798 | title = Times-Series Photometry & Spectroscopy of the Bright Blue Supergiant Rigel: Probing the Atmosphere and Interior of a SN II Progenitor | journal = [[Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union]] | volume = 5 | pages = 359 | year = 2010 |bibcode = 2010HiA....15..359G | doi-access = free }}</ref> <ref name=DENIS>{{cite journal|bibcode=1997Msngr..87...27E|title=The deep near-infrared southern sky survey (DENIS)|journal=[[The Messenger (astronomy magazine)|The Messenger]]|volume=87|pages=27–34|date=March 1997|last1=Epchtein|first1=N.|display-authors=etal}}</ref> <ref name=msc>{{cite journal|bibcode= 1997A&AS..124...75T|title= MSC – a catalogue of physical multiple stars|journal= Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series|volume= 124|pages= 75–84|last1= Tokovinin|first1= A. A.|year= 1997|doi= 10.1051/aas:1997181|s2cid= 30387824|doi-access= free}}</ref> <ref name=Gontcharov>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1134/S1063773706110065|bibcode=2006AstL...32..759G|title=Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for 35 495 Hipparcos stars in a common system|journal=[[Astronomy Letters]]|volume=32|issue=11|pages=759–771|date = 2006|last1 = Gontcharov|first1 = G. A.|arxiv = 1606.08053|s2cid=119231169}}</ref> <ref name=sanford>{{cite journal|bibcode=1942ApJ....95..421S|title=The Spectrographic Orbit of the Companion to Rigel|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=95|pages=421|last1=Sanford|first1=Roscoe F.|year=1942|doi=10.1086/144412|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name=allen>{{cite book |last = Allen|first= Richard Hinckley |author-link = Richard Hinckley Allen |date = 1963 |orig-year = 1899 |title = Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning |edition = Reprint |publisher = [[Dover Publications]] Inc. |location = New York |url =https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Topics/astronomy/_Texts/secondary/ALLSTA/Orion*.html |isbn = 978-0-486-21079-7 |pages = 312–313 }}</ref> <ref name="KUNITZSCH1959">{{cite book |last=Kunitzsch|first=Paul |date=1959 |title=Arabische Sternnamen in Europa |publisher=[[Otto Harrassowitz]] |location=Wiesbaden| language=de |page=46}}</ref> <ref name=Kunitzsch86>{{cite journal|bibcode = 1986JHA....17...89K|title = The Star Catalogue Commonly Appended to the Alfonsine Tables|journal = [[Journal for the History of Astronomy]]|volume = 17|issue = 2|pages = 89–98|last1 = Kunitzsch|first1 = P.|year = 1986|doi = 10.1177/002182868601700202|s2cid = 118597258}}</ref> <ref name="IAU-CSN">{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |publisher=International Astronomical Union (IAU) | access-date=28 July 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707180747/http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | archive-date=7 July 2018 | url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="csiro">{{cite web | title=The Colour of Stars | date=21 December 2004 | work=Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education | publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] | url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html | access-date=28 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318151427/http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html | archive-date=18 March 2012 | url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="schaaf">{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Schaaf|title=The Brightest Stars: Discovering the Universe through the Sky's Most Brilliant Stars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LT1q0Il3-YC|date=2008|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|isbn=978-0-470-24917-8|pages=159–162, 257|bibcode=2008bsdu.book.....S}}</ref> <ref name=ellyard>{{cite book|last1=Ellyard|first1=David|last2=Tirion|first2=Wil |date=2008 |title=The Southern Sky Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/southernskyguide00elly|url-access=limited|edition=3rd|orig-year=1993|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southernskyguide00elly/page/n65 58]–59 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Port Melbourne, Victoria |isbn=978-0-521-71405-1}}</ref> <ref name=racine>{{cite journal|bibcode=1968AJ.....73..233R|title=Stars in reflection nebulae|journal=[[The Astronomical Journal]]|volume=73|pages=233|last1=Racine|first1=R.|year=1968|doi=10.1086/110624|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="WDS">{{cite journal | last1=Mason | first1=Brian D. | last2=Wycoff | first2=Gary L. | last3=Hartkopf | first3=William I. | last4=Douglass | first4=Geoffrey G. | last5=Worley | first5=Charles E. | title=The 2001 US Naval Observatory Double Star CD-ROM. I. The Washington Double Star Catalog | journal=The Astronomical Journal | volume=122 | issue=6 | pages=3466–3471 | date=2001 | doi=10.1086/323920 | bibcode=2001AJ....122.3466M | url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astrometry/optical-IR-prod/wds/WDS | access-date=13 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314022133/http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astrometry/optical-IR-prod/wds/WDS | archive-date=14 March 2016 | url-status=dead | doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="Jedicke1992">{{cite book|chapter=Regal Rigel|title=The New Cosmos|last1=Jedicke|first1=Peter|last2=Levy|first2=David H.|date=1992|publisher=[[Kalmbach Books]]|location=Waukesha, Wisconsin|pages=48–53}}</ref> <ref name=mason>{{cite journal|bibcode= 2009AJ....137.3358M|title= The High Angular Resolution Multiplicity of Massive Stars|journal= The Astronomical Journal|volume= 137|issue= 2|pages= 3358|last1= Mason|first1= Brian D.|last2= Hartkopf|first2= William I.|last3= Gies|first3= Douglas R.|last4= Henry|first4= Todd J.|last5= Helsel|first5= John W.|year= 2009|doi= 10.1088/0004-6256/137/2/3358|arxiv= 0811.0492|s2cid= 119268845}}</ref> <ref name=sb9>{{cite journal|title=S<sub>B<sup>9</sup></sub>: The ninth catalogue of spectroscopic binary orbits|display-authors=1|author1=Pourbaix, D.|author2=Tokovinin, A. A.|author3=Batten, A. H.|author4=Fekel, F. C.|author5=Hartkopf, W. I.|author6=Levato, H.|author7=Morrell, N. I.|author8=Torres, G.|author9=Udry, S.|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=424|issue=2|pages=727–732|year=2004|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20041213|arxiv=astro-ph/0406573|bibcode=2004A&A...424..727P|s2cid=119387088}}</ref> <ref name=dr2d>{{cite DR2|3206991576720162048}}</ref> <ref name=baines>{{cite journal|last1=Baines|first1=Ellyn K.|last2=Armstrong|first2=J. Thomas|last3=Schmitt|first3=Henrique R.|last4=Zavala|first4=R. T.|last5=Benson|first5=James A.|last6=Hutter|first6=Donald J.|last7=Tycner|first7=Christopher|last8=van Belle|first8=Gerard T.|title=Fundamental parameters of 87 stars from the Navy Precision Optical Interferometer|journal=The Astronomical Journal|date=2017|volume=155|issue=1|pages=16|doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aa9d8b|bibcode=2018AJ....155...30B|arxiv=1712.08109|s2cid=119427037 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name="waelkens 1998">{{cite journal|last1=Waelkens|first1=C.|last2=Aerts|first2=C.|last3=Kestens|first3=E.|last4=Grenon|first4=M.|last5=Eyer|first5=L.|date=1998|title=Study of an unbiased sample of B stars observed with Hipparcos: the discovery of a large amount of new slowly pulsating B star|journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=330|pages=215–221|bibcode=1998A&A...330..215W}}</ref> <ref name=morgan1950>{{cite journal|bibcode=1950ApJ...112..362M|title=Revised Standards for Supergiants on the System of the Yerkes Spectral Atlas|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|volume=112|pages=362|last1=Morgan|first1=W. W.|last2=Roman|first2=Nancy G.|year=1950|doi=10.1086/145351}}</ref> <ref name=morgan1978>{{cite book|bibcode=1978rmsa.book.....M|year=1978|title=Revised MK Spectral Atlas for stars earlier than the sun|last1=Morgan|first1=W. W.|last2=Abt|first2=Helmut A.|last3=Tapscott|first3=J. W.|location=Williams Bay|publisher=Yerkes Observatory, University of Chicago, and Kitt Peak National Observatory}}</ref> <ref name=schultz>{{cite journal|bibcode=2014MNRAS.438.1114S|arxiv=1311.5116|title=An observational evaluation of magnetic confinement in the winds of BA supergiants|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]|volume=438|issue=2|pages=1114|last1=Shultz|first1=M.|last2=Wade|first2=G. 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V.|last2=Samus|first2=N. N.|last3=Durlevich|first3=O. V.|last4=Frolov|first4=M. S.|last5=Antipin|first5=S. V.|last6=Kireeva|first6=N. N.|last7=Pastukhova|first7=E. N.|year=1999}}</ref> <ref name=guinan1985>{{cite journal|bibcode=1985IBVS.2762....1G|title=Light, Color, and H-alpha Line Variations of Rigel|journal=[[Information Bulletin on Variable Stars]]|volume=2762|pages=1|last1=Guinan|first1=E. F.|last2=McCook|first2=G. P.|last3=Harris|first3=W. T.|last4=Speranzini|first4=D.|last5=Wacker|first5=S. W.|year=1985}}</ref> <ref name=lefevre>{{cite journal|doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200912304|title=A systematic study of variability among OB-stars based on HIPPARCOS photometry|journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics|volume=507|issue=2|pages=1141–1201|year=2009|last1=Lefèvre|first1=L.|last2=Marchenko|first2=S. V.|last3=Moffat|first3=A. F. 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D.|last2=Rother|first2=R.|last3=Kurschat|first3=N.|year=2008}}</ref> <ref name=israelian>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnras/290.3.521|title=The inhomogeneous circumstellar envelope of Rigel (β Orionis A)|journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]|volume=290|issue=3|pages=521–532|year=1997|last1=Israelian|first1=G.|last2=Chentsov|first2=E.|last3=Musaev|first3=F.|bibcode=1997MNRAS.290..521I|doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="kalerrigel">{{cite web |last1=Kaler |first1=James B. |title=Rigel |url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/rigel.html |website=Stars |access-date=1 February 2019 |date=26 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422025056/http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/rigel.html |archive-date=22 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name=bakich>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEhpS7d5ZdAC&pg=PA434|page=434|publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer]]|location=New York|first=Michael E.|last=Bakich|title=1,001 Celestial Wonders to See Before You Die|date=2010|isbn=978-1441917775|bibcode=2010ocws.book.....B|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201171936/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qEhpS7d5ZdAC&pg=PA434|archive-date=1 February 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref name=taylor>{{cite journal |last1=Taylor |first1=Douglas |title=Notes on the Star Lore of the Caribbees |journal=[[American Anthropologist]] |date=1946 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=215–222 |jstor=663691|doi=10.1525/aa.1946.48.2.02a00030 |doi-access=free }}</ref> <ref name=saio>{{cite journal|doi=10.1093/mnrasl/slt165|arxiv=1311.4744|title=The puzzle of the CNO abundances of α Cygni variables resolved by the Ledoux criterion|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters|volume=439|pages=L6–L10|year=2014|last1=Georgy|first1=Cyril|last2=Saio|first2=Hideyuki|last3=Meynet|first3=Georges|doi-access=free |bibcode=2014MNRAS.439L...6G|s2cid=118557550}}</ref> <ref name=minnehallen>{{cite web|url=http://minnehallen.no/skip_2/rigel-ms|title=MS. 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