Editing Religion and sexuality (section)

===Islam===
{{Main|Interfaith marriage in Islam|LGBT people in Islam|Mukhannathun}}
{{Further|Islamic sexual jurisprudence|Liberalism and progressivism within Islam}}
[[File:World laws pertaining to homosexual relationships and expression.svg|thumb|300px|
'''Same-sex sexual activity illegal'''
{{legend|#f9dc36|Not enforced or unclear}}
{{legend|#ec8028|Penalty}}
{{legend|#e73e21|Life in prison}}
{{legend|#cc6633|Death penalty on books but not applied}}
{{legend|#8c201f|Death penalty}}]]

[[Interfaith marriage]]s are recognized between Muslims and Non-Muslim "[[People of the Book]]" (usually enumerated as [[Jews]], [[Christians]], and [[Sabians]]).<ref name=ODI>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Ahl al-Kitab|editor=John L. Esposito|encyclopedia=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2014|url=https://archive.org/details/oxforddictionary00bada|df=dmy-all|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001|isbn=9780195125580}}</ref><ref name=Leeman2009>{{cite journal |last=Leeman |first=A. B. |year=2009 |title=Interfaith Marriage in Islam: An Examination of the Legal Theory Behind the Traditional and Reformist Positions |url=https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Indiana Law Journal]] |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Maurer School of Law]] |volume=84 |issue=2 |pages=743–772 |issn=0019-6665 |s2cid=52224503 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123062516/https://ilj.law.indiana.edu/articles/84/84_2_Leeman.pdf |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> According to the traditional interpretation of [[Sharia|Islamic law]] (''sharīʿa''), a Muslim man is allowed to marry a Christian or Jewish woman, but this ruling does not apply to women who belong to [[Islam and other religions|other Non-Muslim religious groups]],{{sfn|Leeman|2009|p=755}} whereas a Muslim woman is not allowed to marry a Non-Muslim man of any Non-Muslim religious group.{{sfn|Leeman|2009|p=755}}<ref>{{cite book |author-last=Elmali-Karakaya |author-first=Ayse |year=2020 |chapter=Being Married to a Non-Muslim Husband: Religious Identity in Muslim Women's Interfaith Marriages |editor1-last=Hood |editor1-first=Ralph W. |editor2-last=Cheruvallil-Contractor |editor2-first=Sariya |title=Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion: A Diversity of Paradigms |volume=31 |pages=388–410 |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |doi=10.1163/9789004443969_020 |isbn=978-90-04-44348-8 |s2cid=234539750 |issn=1046-8064}}</ref> In general, the [[Quran]] tells Muslim men not to marry Non-Muslim women,{{sfn|Leeman|2009|p=755}} and it tells Muslim women not to marry non-Muslim men,<ref name=":757">{{harv|Leeman|2009|p=757}}:These passages are traditionally interpreted as a general prohibition on marriage outside Islam for Muslim women.116 Similar passages117 forbid Muslim men from marrying non-Muslim women. However, another verse  specifically authorizes Muslim men to marry women from the People of the Book.118 The Qur'an offers no such express allowance (or prohibition) for Muslim women.119 Although the Qur'an contains no clear prohibition against marrying People of the Book, traditional scholars have reasoned: "If men needed to be given express permission to marry a [non-Muslim], women needed to be given express permission as well, but since they were not given any such permission then they must be barred from marrying a [non-Muslim]."</ref> but it makes an allowance for Muslim men to marry women of the People of the Book under certain conditions, such as a low amount of Muslim women in their vicinity. Additionally, the non-Muslim wife must be devout in her religion and not be unchaste.{{sfn|Leeman|2009|p=755}}<ref name=ODI/> Some Muslim scholars{{Who|date=November 2024}} discourage all interfaith marriages, citing cultural differences between Muslims and Non-Muslims.{{sfn|Leeman|2009|p=756}}

In some societies outside the traditional ''[[Divisions of the world in Islam|dar al-islam]]'', interfaith marriages between Muslims and Non-Muslims are not uncommon, including marriages that contradict the historic Sunni understanding of ''[[Ijma|ijmāʿ]]'' (the consensus of ''[[Faqīh|fuqāha]]'') as to the bounds of legitimacy.<ref name="Ghouse2017">{{cite web |last1=Ghouse |first1=Mike |title=Can A Muslim Woman Marry A Non-Muslim Man? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/can-a-muslim-woman-marry-a-non-muslim-man_b_589aae92e4b061551b3e05a8 |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |access-date=31 October 2020 |language=en |date=8 February 2017}}</ref> The tradition of [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|reformist and progressive Islam]], however, permits marriage between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men;{{sfn|Leeman|2009}} Islamic scholars opining this view include [[Khaleel Mohammed]], [[Hassan Al-Turabi]], among others.<ref name="Jahangir2017">{{cite web |last=Jahangir |first=Junaid |date=21 March 2017 |title=Muslim Women Can Marry Outside The Faith |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |url-status=live |work=[[The Huffington Post]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170325020231/https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/junaid-jahangir/muslim-women-marriage_b_15472982.html |archive-date=25 March 2017 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> Despite [[Sunni Islam]] prohibiting it, interfaith marriages between Muslim women and Non-Muslim men take place at substantial rates.<ref name="Ghouse2017"/>{{sfn|Leeman|2009}} In the [[United States]], about 10% of Muslim women are today married to Non-Muslim men.<ref name="pewforum.org">{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |date=25 July 2017 |title=Roughly one-in-ten married Muslims have a non-Muslim spouse |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/identity-assimilation-and-community/pf_2017-06-26_muslimamericans-02new-04/ |url-status=live |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]] |series=The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016061221/https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/identity-assimilation-and-community/pf_2017-06-26_muslimamericans-02new-04/ |archive-date=16 October 2018 |access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref>

[[File:21. İstanbul Onur Yürüyüşü Gay Pride (58).jpg|thumb|250px|left|[[Istanbul Pride|Istanbul LGBTQ Pride parade]] in 2013, [[Taksim Square]], [[Istanbul]], Turkey]]
Attitudes toward [[LGBT|LGBTQ+ people]] and their experiences in the [[Muslim world]] have been influenced by its religious, legal, social, political, and cultural history.<ref name="Schmidtke 1999"/><ref name="Islamic Homosexualities"/><ref name="TEOEM"/><ref name="lawnet.fordham.edu">{{cite journal |last1=Rehman |first1=Javaid |last2=Polymenopoulou |first2=Eleni |year=2013 |title=Is Green a Part of the Rainbow? ''Sharia'', Homosexuality, and LGBT Rights in the Muslim World |url=https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2322&context=ilj |url-status=live |journal=[[Fordham International Law Journal]] |publisher=[[Fordham University School of Law]] |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=1–53 |issn=0747-9395 |oclc=52769025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721220600/https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2322&context=ilj |archive-date=21 July 2018 |access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="iranica-law">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Rowson |author-first=Everett K. |author-link=Everett K. Rowson |title=HOMOSEXUALITY ii. IN ISLAMIC LAW |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/homosexuality-ii |volume=XII/4 |pages=441–445 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |location=New York |date=30 December 2012 |orig-date=15 December 2004 |doi=10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_11037 |doi-access=free |issn=2330-4804 |access-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517035334/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/homosexuality-ii |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref> The religious stigma and [[Sexual taboo in the Middle East|sexual taboo]] associated with homosexuality in Islamic societies can have profound effects for those Muslims who self-identify as LGBTQ+.<ref name="lawnet.fordham.edu"/><ref>{{cite journal |author-last=Polymenopoulou |author-first=Eleni |date=18 May 2020 |title=Forum: LGBTQ+ Issues in International Relations, Human Rights & Development – Same-Sex Narratives and LGBTI Activism in the Muslim World |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/05/18/same-sex-narratives-and-lgbti-activism-in-muslim-world/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Georgetown Journal of International Affairs]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[Walsh School of Foreign Service]] at the [[Georgetown University]] |issn=1526-0054 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020121756/https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2020/05/18/same-sex-narratives-and-lgbti-activism-in-muslim-world/ |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=19 May 2017 |title=Origins of Homophobia in the Muslim Community |url=https://sydneyqueermuslims.org.au/2017/05/19/source-homophobia-muslim-community/ |url-status=live |website=sydneyqueermuslims.org.au |location=Sydney |publisher=[[Sydney Queer Muslims]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312142856/https://sydneyqueermuslims.org.au/2017/05/19/source-homophobia-muslim-community/ |archive-date=12 March 2018 |access-date=7 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ibrahim 2016">{{cite journal |author-last=Ibrahim |author-first=Nur Amali |date=October 2016 |title=Homophobic Muslims: Emerging Trends in Multireligious Singapore |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |volume=58 |issue=4 |location=[[Cambridge]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=955–981 |doi=10.1017/S0010417516000499 |issn=1475-2999 |jstor=26293235 |s2cid=152039212}}</ref> Today, most LGBTQ-affirming Islamic organizations and individual congregations are primarily based in the [[Western world]] and [[South Asia]]n countries; they usually identify themselves with the [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam|liberal and progressive movements within Islam]].<ref name="lawnet.fordham.edu"/><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Geissinger |author-first=Aisha |year=2012 |chapter=Islam and Discourses on Same-Sex Desire |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8sn9vMPUsNYC&pg=PA80 |editor1-last=Boisvert |editor1-first=Donald L. |editor2-last=Johnson |editor2-first=Jay E. |title=Queer Religion: Homosexuality in Modern Religious History, Volume 1 |location=[[Santa Barbara, California]] |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group|Praeger Publishers]] |pages=80–90 |isbn=978-0-313-35359-8 |lccn=2011043406}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-last=Kurzman |author-first=Charles |author-link=Charles Kurzman |year=1998 |chapter=Liberal Islam and Its Islamic Context |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4n8HSe9SfXMC&pg=PA1 |editor-last=Kurzman |editor-first=Charles |title=Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook |location=[[Oxford]] and [[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=1–26 |isbn=9780195116229 |oclc=37368975}}</ref>

Homosexual acts are [[Haram|forbidden]] in traditional [[Islamic jurisprudence]] and are liable to different punishments, including [[flagellation|flogging]], [[Stoning in Islam|stoning]], and the [[Capital punishment in Islam|death penalty]],<ref name="Schmidtke 1999"/><ref name="iranica-law"/><ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/> depending on the situation and [[Madhhab|legal school]].<ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/> However, homosexual relationships were generally tolerated in [[pre-modern Islamic societies]],<ref name="Schmidtke 1999"/><ref name="Islamic Homosexualities"/><ref name="iranica-law"/> and historical records suggest that these laws were invoked infrequently, mainly in cases of [[Rape in Islamic law|rape]] or other "exceptionally blatant infringement on [[Public morality|public morals]]".<ref name="iranica-law"/> Public attitudes toward homosexuality in the Muslim world underwent a marked negative change starting from the 19th century through the [[International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism|global spread]] of [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalist movements]] such as [[Salafi movement|Salafism]] and [[Wahhabism]],<ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/> and the influence of the sexual notions and restrictive norms prevalent in [[Europe]] at the time: a number of Muslim-majority countries have retained criminal penalties for homosexual acts enacted under European [[Colonialism|colonial]] rule.<ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/> In recent times, extreme [[prejudice]], [[Discrimination against LGBT people|discrimination]], and [[violence against LGBT people]] persists, both [[Societal attitudes toward homosexuality|socially]] and legally, in much of the Muslim world,<ref name="lawnet.fordham.edu"/> exacerbated by increasingly [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] attitudes and the rise of [[Islamism|Islamist movements]] in Muslim-majority countries.<ref name="Ibrahim 2016"/>